1.1.2 The Hydrosphere

• What does the hydrosphere encompass?

  All water in various forms
• Oceans hold approximately 96.5% of Earth's water.

  True
• What percentage of Earth's water is in the form of glaciers and ice sheets?

  1.7%
• Match the type of water with its location:

  Groundwater ↔️ Water below the Earth's surface

  Surface water ↔️ Oceans, lakes, and rivers

  Glaciers and ice sheets ↔️ Frozen water bodies

  Water vapor ↔️ Gaseous water in the atmosphere
• Hydrogen bonds in water give it high surface tension, cohesion, and adhesion properties.


  True
• What is high latent heat in water responsible for?

  Stabilizing Earth's temperature
• What is the process called when liquid water turns into water vapor?

  Evaporation
• The unique properties of water make it essential for sustaining life and regulating the climate
• Key components of the hydrosphere include oceans, lakes, rivers, groundwater, glaciers, ice sheets, and water vapor in the atmosphere
• The continuous movement of water through the hydrological cycle distributes water between its liquid, solid, and gaseous forms
• What percentage of Earth's water is found in oceans?

  96.5%
• Water has a high specific heat, allowing it to absorb large amounts of heat energy without a large change in temperature
• Order the key processes of the water cycle:

  1️⃣ Evaporation

  2️⃣ Condensation
• Water vapor in the atmosphere cools and changes back into liquid water through the process of condensation
• Arrange the key processes of the water cycle in the correct order:

  1️⃣ Evaporation

  2️⃣ Condensation

  3️⃣ Precipitation

  4️⃣ Transpiration

  5️⃣ Runoff

  6️⃣ Infiltration
• Water vapor in the atmosphere cools and changes back into liquid water, forming clouds
• Match the water cycle process with its description:

  Transpiration ↔️ Water released by plants

  Runoff ↔️ Water flows over land

  Infiltration ↔️ Water seeps into the ground

  Condensation ↔️ Water vapor forms clouds
• The oceans provide a habitat for marine life and form the foundation of the marine food web
• What is the high specific heat of water important for?

  Regulating Earth's temperature
• The oceans contain approximately 96.5% of Earth's water.


  True
• What are the next two largest reservoirs of water on Earth after the oceans?

  Glaciers and groundwater
• Hydrogen bonds give water high surface tension, cohesion, and adhesion.


  True
• The unique properties of water are essential for sustaining life and regulating the Earth's climate
• The polarity of water molecules is due to the oxygen atom having a slightly negative charge and the hydrogen atoms having a slightly positive charge
• What is the significance of water's high specific heat?

  Regulates Earth's temperature
• What happens to liquid water during evaporation?

  Turns into water vapor
• Precipitation can fall in the form of rain, snow, sleet, or hail
• Match the habitat type with its key features:

  Marine Ecosystems ↔️ High salinity, deep ocean zones

  Freshwater Ecosystems ↔️ Low salinity, shallow depths
• Water pollution refers to the contamination of surface water and groundwater from industrial effluents, agricultural runoff, and domestic waste
• Land-use changes such as deforestation can increase surface runoff and reduce groundwater recharge.


  True
• Arrange the following practices for sustainable water management in order of importance.

  1️⃣ Improving water use efficiency

  2️⃣ Implementing wastewater treatment

  3️⃣ Promoting ecosystem conservation
• Evaporation occurs when liquid water changes into water vapor.


  True
• Precipitation includes rain, snow, sleet, and hail.

  True
• What are the three forms of water encompassed by the hydrosphere?

  Liquid, solid, and gaseous
• The thermal properties of water help stabilize global temperatures.


  True
• Groundwater is water beneath the Earth's surface
• The polarity of water molecules allows them to dissolve many substances
• Match the thermal property of water with its explanation:

  High specific heat ↔️ Water stores heat without large temperature change

  High latent heat ↔️ Energy needed to change water states
• What are the two primary roles of water on Earth as mentioned in the study material?

  Sustaining life and regulating climate
• Hydrogen bonds between water molecules give water its high surface tension, cohesion, and adhesion properties.


  True