6.8 Biotechnology

• What is biotechnology defined as?

  Use of living organisms
• Genetically modified crops can increase yield in agriculture.


  True
• Steps in DNA cloning

  1️⃣ Isolation of DNA fragment

  2️⃣ Insertion into cloning vector

  3️⃣ Transformation into host cells

  4️⃣ Replication of recombinant DNA

  5️⃣ Selection of cells containing recombinant DNA
• DNA cloning is achieved through recombinant DNA technology
• Key steps in PCR

  1️⃣ Denaturation at 94-96°C

  2️⃣ Annealing at 50-65°C

  3️⃣ Elongation at 72°C
• Match the PCR step with its temperature and duration:

  Denaturation ↔️ 94-96°C, 30-60 seconds

  Annealing ↔️ 50-65°C, 30-60 seconds

  Elongation ↔️ 72°C, 1-2 minutes
• Smaller DNA fragments travel faster and farther through the gel.


  True
• What is the purpose of DNA cloning?

  Create identical DNA copies
• Steps in DNA cloning

  1️⃣ Isolation of the DNA fragment

  2️⃣ Insertion into a cloning vector

  3️⃣ Transformation into host cells

  4️⃣ Replication of recombinant DNA

  5️⃣ Selection of cells with recombinant DNA
• What is the purpose of gene therapy in recombinant DNA technology?

  Replace defective genes
• What is one purpose of PCR in biotechnology?

  Diagnose genetic disorders
• Steps in PCR

  1️⃣ Denaturation at 94-96°C

  2️⃣ Annealing at 50-65°C

  3️⃣ Elongation at 72°C
• Gel electrophoresis separates DNA fragments based on their size
• Genetic engineering involves the manipulation of an organism's genetic material
• Genetically modified organisms could have unintended consequences on ecosystems.


  True
• What is one moral boundary debated in biotechnology?

  Human germline editing
• Biotechnology applications in medicine include gene therapy to treat genetic disorders
• Match the biotechnology sector with its application:

  Medicine ↔️ Gene therapy

  Agriculture ↔️ Genetically modified crops

  Environmental Science ↔️ Bioremediation
• What enzyme is used to create recombinant DNA?

  Ligase
• PCR amplifies specific DNA sequences from a complex mixture.


  True
• What viral infection can PCR detect?

  COVID-19
• Why do DNA fragments move in gel electrophoresis?

  Negative charge
• Steps in gel electrophoresis

  1️⃣ Prepare agarose gel

  2️⃣ Load DNA samples

  3️⃣ Apply electric field

  4️⃣ DNA fragments migrate

  5️⃣ Visualize bands
• In DNA cloning, the DNA fragment is inserted into a cloning vector
• Recombinant DNA is created using enzymes like ligase.


  True
• Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) amplifies specific DNA sequences
• During denaturation in PCR, double-stranded DNA is separated into single strands.


  True
• What is one diagnostic application of PCR?

  Detect viral infections
• What drives the movement of DNA fragments through the gel in electrophoresis?

  Electric field
• What is one benefit of genetic engineering in agriculture?

  Increased crop yields
• One ethical concern of biotechnology is ensuring fair access to its benefits