Cards (35)

    • Mutations can occur during DNA replication or through exposure to external agents called mutagens
    • Match the point mutation type with its description:
      Substitution ↔️ One nucleotide is replaced by another
      Insertion ↔️ One or more nucleotides are added
      Deletion ↔️ One or more nucleotides are removed
    • A chromosomal mutation where a section of the chromosome is repeated is called duplication
    • In a chromosomal translocation, a segment from one chromosome moves to a non-homologous chromosome
    • What is the result of a chromosomal duplication?
      ABC → ABCABC
    • Mutations can only occur during DNA replication.
      False
    • What are the two main causes of mutations?
      DNA replication errors and mutagens
    • In a substitution mutation, one nucleotide is replaced by another
    • What are mutations in DNA sequence called?
      Changes
    • What is a point mutation?
      Single nucleotide change
    • Chromosomal mutations involve changes in large segments of chromosomes.

      True
    • What happens in a chromosomal inversion?
      A section is flipped
    • Give an example of a substitution mutation.
      ATG → ACG
    • In a chromosomal inversion, the sequence ABC is flipped to CBA
    • Classify the different types of mutations based on whether they are point mutations or chromosomal mutations:
      1️⃣ Point mutations
      2️⃣ Substitution
      3️⃣ Insertion
      4️⃣ Deletion
      5️⃣ Chromosomal mutations
      6️⃣ Duplication
      7️⃣ Inversion
      8️⃣ Translocation
    • What is a point mutation?
      Change at a single nucleotide
    • An insertion mutation adds nucleotides to a DNA sequence.

      True
    • In a duplication mutation, a section of the chromosome is repeated
    • What occurs in a translocation mutation?
      A chromosome segment moves
    • What is the primary cause of DNA replication errors?
      Mistakes during replication
    • What is the effect of a neutral mutation?
      No effect on gene function
    • What is the effect of a beneficial mutation?
      Enhances gene function
    • A frameshift mutation occurs when nucleotides are inserted or deleted, altering the reading frame of the DNA sequence.

      True
    • During proofreading, DNA polymerase can detect and correct mismatched nucleotides
    • What does nucleotide excision repair remove from DNA?
      Damaged DNA segments
    • Steps of DNA repair mechanisms
      1️⃣ Proofreading by DNA polymerase
      2️⃣ Mismatch repair recognizes errors
      3️⃣ Nucleotide excision repair removes damaged segments
      4️⃣ Base excision repair corrects individual bases
    • What happens in a deletion mutation?
      Nucleotides are removed
    • Steps of an inversion mutation
      1️⃣ A section of the chromosome is identified
      2️⃣ The section is flipped
      3️⃣ The flipped section is reattached
    • Match the type of mutation with its description:
      Point Mutation ↔️ Changes at a single nucleotide
      Chromosomal Mutation ↔️ Changes in large chromosome segments
      Mutagen ↔️ External agent that causes mutations
    • Mutagens can cause both point and chromosomal mutations.

      True
    • A harmful mutation can lead to a non-functional protein
    • Match the mutation type with its potential effect:
      Substitution ↔️ Neutral, harmful, or beneficial
      Insertion ↔️ Often harmful, causing a frameshift
      Duplication ↔️ Beneficial by increasing gene expression
    • What determines the specific impact of a mutation?
      Mutation location and gene function
    • Mismatch repair replaces incorrectly paired nucleotides.
      True
    • Base excision repair detects and removes damaged individual DNA bases
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