5.6 Chromosomal Inheritance

• What are chromosomes composed of?

  DNA and proteins
• Sex chromosomes determine an organism's sex and carry sex-linked genes.


  True
• What is the term for variations of a gene?

  Alleles
• Steps in the chromosomal basis of Mendel's laws

  1️⃣ Chromosomes segregate during meiosis I (Segregation)

  2️⃣ Homologous chromosome pairs align independently during meiosis I (Independent Assortment)
• Independent assortment of chromosomes is a key component of Mendel's second law.
• Homologous chromosomes carry genes that determine an organism's traits.


  True
• Match the chromosome type with its genetic material and function:

  Autosomes ↔️ DNA; Carry genes for non-sex traits

  Sex chromosomes ↔️ X and Y chromosomes; Determine sex and carry sex-linked genes
• What are homologous chromosomes?

  Similar chromosomes with same genes
• The arrangement of homologous chromosomes into pairs is crucial for genetic variation.


  True
• Mendel's law of independent assortment applies only to genes on different chromosomes
• What is independent assortment of chromosomes?

  Random orientation during meiosis I
• Recombination can break genetic linkages through crossing over during meiosis.

  True
• Which chromosomes determine biological sex in humans?

  X and Y chromosomes
• Sex-linked traits have different inheritance patterns than autosomal traits.


  True
• Incomplete dominance results in a blended
• Polygenic inheritance involves multiple genes contributing to a single trait.


  True
• What type of chromosome carries genes for non-sex traits?

  Autosomes
• What are homologous chromosomes?

  Similar chromosomes with the same genes
• Steps in the segregation of alleles during gamete formation

  1️⃣ Allele pairs separate

  2️⃣ Each gamete receives one allele
• Independent assortment occurs when homologous chromosome pairs align independently during meiosis I.

  True
• Where do homologous chromosome pairs align during meiosis I for independent assortment?

  Metaphase plate
• Genetic linkage occurs when genes located close together on the same chromosome
• Linked genes are located far apart on the same chromosome.

  False
• What is the process called that breaks genetic linkages between linked genes during meiosis?

  Recombination
• Linked genes tend to be inherited together, violating Mendel's law of independent assortment.


  True
• What is less likely to occur between linked genes unless crossing over occurs?

  Recombination
• What are the two main types of sex chromosomes in humans?

  X and Y
• Females typically have two X chromosomes (XX), while males have one X and one Y
• Incomplete dominance, codominance, and polygenic inheritance are exceptions to Mendelian inheritance patterns.

  True
• What are changes in the normal structure or number of chromosomes called?

  Chromosomal abnormalities
• Polyploidy is more common in plants than in humans.


  True
• What are three primary applications of chromosomal inheritance studies?

  Genetic counseling, prenatal testing, disease diagnosis
• Each cell typically has a pair of homologous chromosomes.
• Match the chromosome type with its function:

  Autosomes ↔️ Carry genes for non-sex traits

  Sex chromosomes ↔️ Determine sex and carry sex-linked genes
• Homologous chromosomes may have different alleles for the same genes.
• Independent assortment of chromosomes occurs during meiosis I.


  True
• What does independent assortment contribute to in offspring?

  Genetic diversity
• Autosomes carry genes for non-sex-related traits.
• Where are chromosomes located within a cell?

  Nucleus
• In human cells, there are 23 pairs of chromosomes