5.3 Mendelian Genetics

• Each organism inherits two alleles for each trait, one from each parent.
• The inheritance of one trait is independent of the inheritance of another trait.
• Match the law with its definition:

  Law of Segregation ↔️ Alleles for a trait separate during gamete formation

  Law of Independent Assortment ↔️ Inheritance of one trait is independent of another
• Each gamete receives only one allele for each trait during gamete formation.
• Match the concept with its explanation:

  Dominance ↔️ Dominant allele is expressed over recessive allele

  Segregation ↔️ Alleles separate during gamete formation

  Independent Assortment ↔️ Alleles for different traits assort independently
• The Law of Independent Assortment applies during meiosis.


  True
• What is the phenotype of a plant with genotype Pp if purple (P) is dominant and white (p) is recessive?

  Purple flowers
• Alleles for different traits assort independently during gamete formation.


  True
• When an individual has two different alleles for a trait, the dominant allele is expressed
• Steps in the Law of Independent Assortment

  1️⃣ Alleles for different traits are distributed independently

  2️⃣ Combinations of alleles in offspring are random
• Heterozygous individuals have two different alleles for a trait.


  True
• Dominant alleles express their trait when paired with either a dominant or a recessive
• Match the Law of Inheritance with its description:

  Law of Segregation ↔️ Alleles for a trait separate during gamete formation

  Law of Independent Assortment ↔️ Inheritance of one trait is independent of another
• The Law of Segregation states that alleles for a trait separate during gamete formation
• What are Mendel's Laws of Inheritance fundamental principles for?

  How genetic traits are passed
• During gamete formation, the two alleles for a trait separate, and only one is passed to each gamete.


  True
• Alleles for different traits are randomly distributed into gametes during meiosis.

  True
• What happens when an individual has two different alleles for a trait, according to the principle of dominance?

  The dominant allele is expressed
• The Law of Independent Assortment states that alleles for different traits are inherited together.

  False
• What does the Law of Segregation state about the two alleles for each trait?

  They separate during gamete formation
• The combination of alleles in the offspring is a result of the random union of gametes.
• What happens to alleles during gamete formation according to the Law of Segregation?

  They separate
• How many alleles does each individual have for a trait, according to the Law of Segregation?

  Two
• What does it mean for an organism to be homozygous for a trait?

  Two identical alleles
• What does the term 'phenotype' refer to?

  Observable characteristics
• Under what conditions are recessive alleles expressed in an organism?

  Paired with another recessive
• What happens to alleles for different traits during independent assortment?

  They are randomly distributed
• What does it mean for an organism to be heterozygous for a trait?

  Two different alleles
• Give an example of a homozygous genotype.

  PP or pp
• Phenotype refers to the observable characteristics of an organism resulting from its genotype
• What is expressed when a dominant allele is present in a heterozygous genotype?

  Dominant trait
• The genetic makeup of an organism is referred to as its genotype
• Punnett Squares are used to predict phenotypic ratios in offspring.

  True
• A Punnett Square is a diagram used to predict the possible genotypes and phenotypes
• What is the primary purpose of a Punnett Square?

  Predict offspring ratios
• A monohybrid cross involves one trait with two alleles
• In a dihybrid cross, the expected phenotype ratio in the F2 generation is 9:3:3:1


  True
• Monohybrid crosses use a 2x2 Punnett Square
• What is the example phenotype ratio for a monohybrid cross?

  3:1
• Homozygous and heterozygous refer to the genotype