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AQA A-Level Biology
4. Genetic Information, Variation, and Relationships Between Organisms
4.1 DNA, Genes, and Chromosomes
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What does DNA stand for?
Deoxyribonucleic acid
DNA is composed of
nucleotides
Genes are segments of DNA that code for
proteins
.
True
DNA contains the instructions for the development and
functioning
of living organisms.
Which nitrogenous base pairs with cytosine (C)?
Guanine (G)
DNA's double helix structure resembles a
twisted ladder
.
True
Each nucleotide in DNA consists of a deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous
base
What are the four possible nitrogenous bases in DNA?
Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine
Cytosine (C) pairs with
guanine
(G) in DNA.
True
Adenine pairs with
thymine
Which nitrogenous base pairs with cytosine?
Guanine
Deoxyribose sugar is a
5-carbon
sugar molecule.
True
Adenine pairs with
thymine
Which nitrogenous base pairs with cytosine?
Guanine
Helicase is the enzyme responsible for unwinding DNA during
initiation
.
True
Which enzyme seals any remaining gaps in DNA during termination?
DNA ligase
What is the structure of DNA called?
Double helix
Which type of nitrogenous base is adenine?
Purine
Guanine is a
purine
.
True
What enzyme facilitates the unwinding and separation of the DNA double helix during initiation?
Helicase
Order the phases of DNA replication:
1️⃣ Initiation
2️⃣ Elongation
3️⃣ Termination
Match the enzyme with its function:
Helicase ↔️ Unwinds DNA
DNA polymerase ↔️ Synthesizes new strands
DNA ligase ↔️ Seals DNA gaps
Genes are located on
chromosomes
and are made of DNA.
What role do genes play in heredity?
Transmit genetic traits
Match the type of cell with the location of its chromosomes:
Eukaryotic ↔️ Nucleus
Prokaryotic ↔️ Cytoplasm
What proteins are associated with eukaryotic chromosomes?
Histones
Prokaryotic chromosomes are less organized compared to
eukaryotic
chromosomes.
True
Prokaryotic cells have a single
circular
chromosome located in the cytoplasm.
DNA is a single-stranded molecule.
False
Steps in the DNA replication process:
1️⃣ DNA unwinds
2️⃣ DNA polymerase adds complementary nucleotides
3️⃣ Two identical DNA strands are formed
What are chromosomes?
Organized structures of DNA
The sugar-phosphate backbone forms the rungs of the DNA double helix.
False
DNA carries the genetic code used to synthesize
proteins
What type of bonds hold base pairs together in DNA?
Hydrogen bonds
A phosphate group is a component of a DNA nucleotide.
True
Adenine (A) is a purine and pairs with
thymine
What type of molecule is adenine?
Purine
Thymine is a
pyrimidine
.
True
Each nucleotide in DNA consists of a deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous
base
What are the four possible nitrogenous bases in DNA?
A, T, C, G
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