6.3.4 Genetic engineering

• Genetic engineering involves altering an organism's characteristics by modifying its DNA.

  True
• What is the purpose of gene cloning?

  Produce multiple gene copies
• Recombinant DNA technology can create new genetic sequences by combining DNA from different sources.


  True
• The first step in gene cloning is to isolate the target gene from the original organism.


  True
• What type of vector is commonly used in gene cloning?

  Plasmid
• Restriction enzymes cut DNA at specific recognition sites.


  True
• Gene cloning produces multiple identical copies of a gene or DNA sequence.


  True
• What is genetic engineering?

  Direct manipulation of genes
• Recombinant DNA technology combines DNA from different sources
• Genetic engineering involves targeted addition, removal, or modification of specific DNA sequences
• What does gene cloning produce?

  Multiple identical gene copies
• In gene cloning, the isolated gene is inserted into a vector
• Steps in creating recombinant DNA using sticky ends

  1️⃣ Cut DNA with restriction enzymes

  2️⃣ Combine DNA fragments with complementary sticky ends

  3️⃣ Use DNA ligase to seal the backbone
• Sticky ends created by restriction enzymes facilitate DNA ligation
• Gene insertion involves inserting a foreign gene into an organism's genome
• Vectors, such as plasmids, act as carriers for isolated genes in gene cloning.


  True
• Gene cloning is the process of producing multiple identical copies of a gene or DNA sequence
• The host cell in gene cloning replicates the vector, not the gene.

  False
• EcoRI is a restriction enzyme that creates sticky ends.
• What is the term for the DNA created by joining sticky ends from different sources?

  Recombinant DNA
• Insect-resistant crops like Bt cotton use genes from Bacillus thuringiensis.
• Match the application with its description:

  Insect-resistant crops ↔️ Incorporate genes from Bacillus thuringiensis

  Herbicide-tolerant crops ↔️ Genetically modified to withstand herbicides

  Nutritional enhancement ↔️ Adding vitamins or nutrients to crops
• Personalized medicine tailors treatments based on an individual's unique genetic profile.
• Biopharmaceuticals are therapeutic proteins produced using genetically engineered organisms.


  True
• One ethical concern in genetic engineering is the possibility of unintended consequences.
• Match the ethical consideration with its potential benefit or risk:

  Unintended consequences ↔️ Unpredictable effects on ecosystems

  Equity and access ↔️ Exacerbating social inequalities

  Playing God ↔️ Concerns over human interference
• What is the first step in gene cloning?

  Isolate the target gene
• What type of proteins are restriction enzymes?

  DNA-cutting proteins
• Steps in the gene cloning process

  1️⃣ Isolate the target gene from the original organism

  2️⃣ Insert the isolated gene into a vector

  3️⃣ Introduce the vector into a host cell

  4️⃣ The host cell replicates the gene
• What do restriction enzymes cut DNA at?

  Recognition sites
• Sticky ends created by restriction enzymes facilitate DNA ligation.


  True
• Creating herbicide-tolerant crops simplifies weed control and increases yields.


  True
• What is the goal of gene therapy in medicine?

  Treat genetic disorders
• Steps in vaccine development using genetic engineering

  1️⃣ Identify a viral protein

  2️⃣ Insert the viral protein gene into a vector

  3️⃣ Introduce the vector into a host organism

  4️⃣ The host organism produces the viral protein
• What is the purpose of diagnostics in genetic engineering?

  Screen for inherited conditions
• Robust regulation and oversight are necessary to address ethical challenges in genetic engineering.


  True