3.1.1 Pathogens and Disease

• What are pathogens?

  Microorganisms that cause disease
• Which type of pathogen includes yeasts, moulds, and mushrooms?

  Fungi
• What is an example of a prokaryotic pathogen?

  Bacteria
• What are effective measures to prevent pathogen transmission?

  Hygiene, sanitation, PPE
• Prokaryotic pathogens have a membrane-bound nucleus.

  False
• Eukaryotic pathogens reproduce only through binary fission.

  False
• Airborne pathogens can spread through coughing or sneezing.


  True
• Viruses can reproduce independently without host cells.

  False
• Protists like the malaria parasite can multiply within human red blood cells.


  True
• What is an example of a disease caused by bacteria?

  Pneumonia
• Protists like Plasmodium can cause the disease malaria
• Viruses are living organisms that can reproduce independently.

  False
• Eukaryotic pathogens have membrane-bound organelles.

  True
• Order the methods of pathogen transmission:

  1️⃣ Airborne

  2️⃣ Waterborne

  3️⃣ Direct Contact
• Bacteria release toxins that harm host cells.
• What type of damage do bacterial toxins cause to host cells?

  Damage or death
• Bacteria are single-celled microorganisms that release toxins
• Protists can cause diseases like malaria by invading host cells.


  True
• Match the vector with the pathogens it transmits:

  Mosquito ↔️ Malaria

  Tick ↔️ Lyme disease
• Steps in the immune response when you get a cut

  1️⃣ Inflammation (innate response)

  2️⃣ Production of antibodies (adaptive response)
• Bacteria are single-celled microorganisms that release toxins
• Protists are eukaryotic microorganisms, some of which can cause diseases like malaria
• Match the pathogen type with its example:

  Bacteria ↔️ Salmonella

  Fungi ↔️ Athlete's foot

  Protists ↔️ Malaria

  Viruses ↔️ Influenza
• Prokaryotic pathogens reproduce through binary fission
• Pathogens can contaminate water sources, leading to waterborne transmission
• What are examples of fungi?

  Yeasts, moulds, mushrooms
• What type of cell structure do prokaryotic pathogens have?

  No membrane-bound nucleus
• What is the typical size range of prokaryotic pathogens?

  0.5-5 μm
• How can waterborne pathogens be transmitted?

  Contaminated water sources
• What do viruses inject into host cells to reproduce?

  Genetic material
• What are the key components of the innate immune system?

  Phagocytes, skin, mucous membranes
• Viruses are living organisms that can reproduce independently.

  False
• What are pathogens defined as?

  Microorganisms that cause disease
• Match the pathogen type with an example:

  Bacteria ↔️ Streptococcus pneumoniae

  Fungi ↔️ Aspergillus

  Protists ↔️ Plasmodium

  Viruses ↔️ Influenza virus
• How do prokaryotic pathogens reproduce?

  Binary fission
• What are vectors in disease transmission?

  Organisms that transmit pathogens
• The innate immune system is specific and long-term.

  False
• Fungi release enzymes to break down tissues.
• Viruses are living organisms that reproduce independently.

  False
• Pathogens are microorganisms that can cause disease