11.3.1 Experiments

• What is the purpose of experiments in psychological research?

  To establish cause-and-effect relationships
• The control group in an experiment receives the experimental manipulation.

  False
• What is the purpose of data collection methods in experiments?

  To gather empirical evidence
• Experiments are a research method where the researcher manipulates the independent variable to observe its effect on the dependent variable.
• What is the dependent variable in an experiment?

  The variable that is measured
• What type of relationships do experiments establish between variables?

  Cause-and-effect relationships
• Why is random assignment important in experiments?

  To ensure groups are equivalent
• What is the researcher observing in an experiment when they measure the dependent variable?

  The effect of the IV
• What is the role of the independent variable in an experiment?

  It is manipulated by the researcher
• What is the key difference between the independent and dependent variables?

  The IV is manipulated, the DV is measured
• The independent variable is deliberately changed or controlled by the researcher
• What is the purpose of a control group in an experiment?

  Comparison with experimental group
• Researchers differentiate between independent and dependent variables
• Order the steps typically involved in conducting an experiment.

  1️⃣ Form a hypothesis

  2️⃣ Design the experiment

  3️⃣ Collect data

  4️⃣ Analyze the data

  5️⃣ Draw conclusions
• Analyzing experimental data is necessary to draw valid conclusions.

  True
• What is the independent variable in an experiment?

  The variable the researcher manipulates
• The control group in an experiment receives the experimental manipulation.

  False
• One objective of experiments is to manipulate the independent variable and observe its effect on the dependent variable.
• Experiments isolate the effect of the independent variable by controlling for other factors.

  True
• Experiments allow researchers to establish cause-and-effect relationships by controlling for other factors
• What is the dependent variable affected by in an experiment?

  Changes in the IV
• What is the dependent variable in an experiment?

  The outcome being measured
• Experiments in psychology involve manipulating an independent variable to observe its effect on a dependent variable.


  True
• Steps involved in conducting an experiment in psychology

  1️⃣ Form a hypothesis

  2️⃣ Manipulate the independent variable

  3️⃣ Measure the dependent variable

  4️⃣ Analyze the data

  5️⃣ Draw conclusions
• One aim of experiments is to establish cause-and-effect relationships by manipulating the independent variable
• Match the experimental component with its description:

  Independent Variable ↔️ The variable the researcher manipulates

  Dependent Variable ↔️ The variable that is measured

  Control Group ↔️ Group without manipulation
• In psychological research, control groups and experimental groups are used to establish cause-and-effect relationships.
• Match the experimental design with its key feature:

  Independent Groups ↔️ Separate groups for each variable level

  Repeated Measures ↔️ Participants experience all conditions

  Matched Pairs ↔️ Participants paired based on similarities
• Each data collection method has unique strengths and weaknesses.
• Self-report methods are prone to bias
• Why do physiological measures require specialized equipment?

  Measure bodily functions
• What determines the selection of a data collection method in an experiment?

  Research context
• Match the data collection method with its disadvantage:

  Self-Report ↔️ Limited to conscious responses

  Observation ↔️ May alter behavior

  Physiological Measures ↔️ Interpretation can be complex

  Performance Tests ↔️ Potential practice effects
• Observation methods can study non-verbal cues
• Practice effects can influence performance test results.


  True
• The dependent variable is measured to see the effect of the independent variable
• Random assignment ensures groups are equivalent in an experiment.

  True
• Experiments manipulate the independent variable to observe its effect on the dependent variable
• What is the primary goal of experiments in psychological research?

  Establish cause-and-effect
• What two methods are used to control for other factors in experiments?

  Control group and random assignment