Ethnography and Ethnolinguistic

• Borrowing means that words which originated in one language are now used in another, even by people who don’t speak the ‘lending’ language.
• Loanword is the word and the meaning are borrowed, for example, hummus (or humous).
• Loan-translation is a literal word-for-word translation of both parts of the lending compound, for example, superman derives from the German ‘Übermensch’.
• Loan-rendition is a translation that vaguely captures the original meaning, for example, refrigerator is translated as ‘ice-box’ in Chinese.
• Loan-blend is one part of the compound is borrowed, the other one translated, for example, McDonald’s.
• Semantic loan is when only the meaning is borrowed, not the word, for example, the term ‘bank’ is used in the context of a river.
• Codeswitching is a speech style unique to bilinguals, in which fluent speakers switch languages between or within sentences, as illustrated by the following sentence.
• Recent studies of the social and linguistic properties of codeswitching indicate that it is a marker of bilingual identity, and has its own internal grammatical structure.