PR2

• Sampling 


  the process or technique of selecting a representative sample from the entire population.
• What are the two types of sampling technique

  population, sample
• Population


  the entirety of the group including all the members that form a set of data
• Sample


  contains a few members of the population
• What are the two types sampling procedure

  probability, non-probability
• • Equal chance of being drawn
  • Quantitative

  probability sampling
• What are the four kinds of probability sampling technique

  simple random sampling, systematic random sampling, stratified random sampling, cluster random sampling
• Simple random sampling

  each element has an equal chance of being selected
• It is the most basic sampling technique. It also uses a Table of Random Number or a random number generator to select n distinct numbers between 1 and N, inclusively.

  simple random sampling
• it is used to make statistical inferences about a population. It helps ensure high internal validity

  simple random sampling
• the best method to reduce the impact of potential confounding variables

  simple random sampling: randomization
• What method imdid they use in simple random sampling?

  lottery method
• is convenient and relatively easy to administer where population elements are an ordered sequence


  systematic random sampling
• When do u use systematic random sampling?

  when there’s a low risk of data manipulation
• What kind of random sampling technique will be use in this:

  STEM Strand in BNHS-SHS consists of 250 students, how will you select a sample containing 71 students 


  systematic random sampling
• When do u use simple random sampling?

  to make statistical inferences
• a sampling technique where population is divided into nonoverlapping subpopulations called strata


  stratified random sampling
• is the advantageous procedure when the population is spread out over a wide geographical area

  cluster random sampling
• choosing specific samples that you know correspond to the population in terms of one, two, or more characters

  quota sampling
• choosing respondents whom you judged as people with good background knowledge or with great enthusiasm about the research

  purposive sampling
• choosing respondents whom you judged as people with good background knowledge or with great enthusiasm about the research


  convenience sampling
• selecting samples from several alternative samples, like drug dependents, human traffickers, street children, and other whose dwelling places are not easily located for they move from place to place. A referral type of sampling method.

  snowball sampling
• the level of accuracy and credibility of the results of a quantitative research study depends on the validity and reliability of the instruments used in the conduct of research

  validity and reliability of the instrument
• is the ability of an instrument to measure what it intends to measure.

  validity
• What are the four types of validity 


  face validity, content validity, construct validity, criterion-related validity
• also know as logical validity 


  face validity
• involves an analysis of whether the instrument is using a valid scale. The procedure calls only for intuitive judgment

  face validity
• this is determined by studying the questions to see whether they are able to elicit the necessary information. An instrument with high content validity has to meet the objectives of the research.

  content validity
• This refers to whether the test corresponds to its theoretical construct

  construct validity
• This type of validity is an expression of how scores from the test are correlated with an external criterion.

  criterion-related validity or equivalence test
• what are the two types criterion-related validity or equivalence test

  concurrent, predictive
• deals with measures that can be administered and validated at the same time

  concurrent
• It refers to how well the test predicts some future behavior of the examinees.

  predictive
• The same test is given to a group of respondents twice.

  test-retest or stability test
• Weakness Identified in Using the Test-Retest Method

  even if test-retest correlation can be computed, its interpretation is not necessarily straightforward
• Weakness Identified in Using the Test-Retest Method

  reactivity refers to the fact that sometimes, the very process is not done logically and a phenomenon can induce change in itself
• Weakness Identified in Using the Test-Retest Method


  the person’s mental recollection of his or her responses which he or she gives during the first measurement is quite likely to influence the responses
• if the test in question is designed to measure a single basic concept, it is reasonable to assume that a respondent who gets one item right is likely to correctly answer another similar item

  internal consistency
• It is a method of establishing internal consistency in which a test is given only once to the respondents.

  split half
• This method measures the extent to which items in one form of a test share commonalities with one another as do the items of an equivalence test form. This is also called item-total correlation.

  kuder-richardson test