General Biology

• Photosystems are clusters of chlorophyll and lipids.
• The light-dependent reactions begin when photosystem I absorbs light.
• Electrons from water molecules replace the ones lost by photosystem II.
• The process where H+ move down their concentration gradient through channels of ATP synthase forming ATP is called photophosphorylation.
• Non-cyclic electron flow uses photosystem II and photosystem I.
• Each NADPH molecule picks up two energetic electrons and one hydrogen ion.
• The reaction center chlorophyll a of photosystem II is known as P700 because this pigment is best at absorbing light having a wavelength of 700 nm.
• Non-cyclic Electron Flow occurs in the thylakoid and generates ATP and NADPH.
• Excited P680 is a good electron donor and can transfer its excited electron to the primary electron acceptor, pheophytin.
• Photosystem I’s reaction center chlorophyll immediately obtains replacements for its lost electrons from the last electron carrier in the electron transport system.
• Carbon from CO 2 is added to one molecule of RuBP to create 2 molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate (3-PGA).
• RuBP stands for Ribulose bisphosphate.
• The Calvin Cycle needs two cycles/rounds to produce one molecule of glucose.
• ATP and NADPH from light dependent reactions convert three-carbon molecules into G3P or PGAL.
• After three turns of CO 2 , the Calvin Cycle creates six molecules of G3P or PGAL.
• Five molecules of G3P or PGAL create molecules of RuBP.
• The Calvin Cycle takes place in the stroma.
• The Calvin Cycle converts CO 2 to sugars.
• The Calvin Cycle creates carbon dioxide .
• The Calvin Cycle kills bacteria.
• The Calvin Cycle is also known as the Carbon dioxide independent reactions, Light independent reactions, and The Cameron Cycle.
• One turn of CO 2 results in six molecules of G3P or PGAL.
• It takes four molecules of G3P or PGAL to create three molecules of RuBP.
• The third step of the Calvin Cycle is when ATP and NADPH convert carbon molecules into PGAL.
• Six carbon sugars split into two three-carbon molecules is the third step of the Calvin Cycle.
• Carbon from CO2 bonds with a five-carbon sugar is the third step of the Calvin Cycle.
• G3P molecules produce RuBP molecules is the third step of the Calvin Cycle.
• There are three metabolic pathways present in aerobic respiration.
• Fermentation resulting in Ethanol and CO 2
• Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm or cytosol.
• The end molecule of the first half of glycolysis is G3P or PGAL.
• Ten reduced NADH molecules are produced after the glucose has been completely broken down to ATP.
• Glucose is completely broken down to carbon dioxide after the second turn of the Krebs Cycle.
• There is no release of carbon dioxide as a by-product of the reaction when glucose is split in the cytosol of the cell.
• Oxygen accepts the hydrogen atoms at the end of the electron transport chain.
• The 4-carbon molecule regenerated at the last stage of the Krebs Cycle is Oxaloacetate.
• The Krebs Cycle is the major contributor of ATP in the metabolic pathways of cellular respiration.
• Pyruvate is converted to Acetyl CoA at the transition or preparatory stage.
• A smaller amount of ATP is formed directly in a few reactions of glycolysis, a mechanism called substrate-level phosphorylation.
• The Krebs Cycle is also known as the citric acid cycle because the first intermediate product formed is citric acid or citrate.