AO1

• What is the main focus of the study material?

  Eyewitness testimony and misleading information
• What are the three stages of eyewitness memory?

  Encoding, retention, and retrieval
• What happens during the encoding stage of eyewitness memory?

  The witness encodes information into long-term memory
• What factors can affect the retention of eyewitness memory?

  Other activities may interfere with memory
• What can happen during the retrieval stage of eyewitness memory?

  Presence or absence of information affects accuracy
• What are the two categories of factors affecting memory accuracy?

  Witness factors and event factors
• What are some witness factors that affect memory accuracy?

  Age, race, gender, and anxiety response
• What are some event factors that affect memory accuracy?

  Duration of event and level of violence
• What are the two types of misleading information?

  Leading questions and post-event discussion
• Who is a key psychologist in the field of leading questions?

  Elizabeth Loftus
• How can leading questions affect eyewitness testimony?

  They can lead to inaccurate recollections
• What is retroactive interference in memory?

  New information alters recollection of old memories
• How does the mind function in terms of memory according to previous research?

  The mind does not work like a camera
• What is a leading question?

  A question suggesting a desired answer
• What was the aim of Loftus and Palmer's key study?

  To investigate the effects of leading questions
• What was the method used in Experiment 1 of Loftus and Palmer's study?

  Participants watched films and answered questions
• How many students participated in Experiment 1?

  Forty-five students
• What was the critical question in Experiment 1?

  About the speed of the vehicles involved
• How did the wording of questions affect speed estimates in Experiment 1?

  Different verbs led to varying speed estimates
• What was the mean speed estimate for the verb "smashed"?

  40.5 mph
• What was the aim of Experiment 2 in Loftus and Palmer's study?

  To see if leading questions altered memories
• How many students participated in Experiment 2?

  150 students
• What was the critical question in Experiment 2?

  About the speed of the vehicles involved
• What happens during post-event discussion among co-witnesses?

  Eyewitness testimonies may become contaminated
• What did Gabbert et al. (2003) find about post-event discussion?

  71% recalled aspects not seen in the video
• What is memory conformity according to Gabbert et al.?

  Witnesses go along with others for approval
• What is source monitoring theory?

  Confusion about the origin of memories
• What does conformity theory argue about eyewitness memories?

  Memories change due to social influence