linguistics

• Morpheme is the part of a word that has meaning. It cannot be divided into smaller parts without violating its true meaning.
• Allomorphs are the variants of a morpheme that may differ morphologically or phonologically.
• Plural morphemes are the s, es, and en at the end part of a word.
• Free morphemes are the morphs that can stand alone and give a meaning.
• Lexical morphemes is the set of ordinary nouns, adjectives, and verbs that carry the content of our message. It's the open class set of morphemes.
• Functional morphemes are the pronouns, conjunctions, prepositions, and articles. The closed class set of morphemes.
• Bound morphemes are morphs that cannot stand alone without attaching it to another morpheme.
• Inflectional morphemes are attached to complete a word but never change the form class of the word. Also called as closed-ended set of morphemes.
• Derivational morphemes are added to root morphemes to create a new word. Also called as open-ended set of morphemes.
• Derivational is the addition of a derivational affix to create a new word.
• Category extension is the extension of a morpheme from one syntactic category to another. From noun to verb.
• Compounding is the combination of two free morphemes to create a word.
• Root creation is a brand new word based on no pre-existing word.
• Clipped form is the shortened form of a word.
• Blend is blending two free morphemes. Smoke + fog = smog
• Acronym is the first letters of the word.
• Abbreviation is a word formed from the first letters of a name.
• Proper name is a process that forms a word from a proper name.
• Folk etymology is when a common native form is substituted for an exotic form.
• Back-formation is forming a word by removing a mistaken affix.
• There are 5 morphophonemic processes which include: assimilation, dissimilation, deletion, epenthesis, and metathesis.
• Assimilation - sound becoming more like another nearby sound.
• Dissimilation - becoming less alike in sounds. "Lost in others"
• Deletion - deleting or removing a segment of sound from the word. Water to woteh.
• Epenthesis - inserts a syllable or non-syllabic segment. There are two types, excrescence, and anaptyxis.
• Excrescence - adding consonant sound
• Anaptyxis - adding a vowel sound
• Metathesis - reorders or reverses, occurs when two segments switch places. Pit to tip.
• Nominals are composed of nouns and pronouns.
• Nouns has singular noun, plural noun, common noun, and proper noun.
• Pronouns have personal pronouns, relative pronouns, reflexive pronouns, definite pronouns, indefinite pronouns, and demonstrative pronouns.
• Verbs - action word, describes an action/experience
• Modifiers are composed of adjectives and adverbs.
• Positive degree - no comparison (beautiful)
• Comparative degree - compares two different objects (more beautiful)
• Superlative degree - compares three or more things (most beautiful)
• Adjectives describes nouns and pronouns.
• Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and adverbs. Tells how, often, where, and when.
• Adverbs of manner tells how an action was made.
• Adverbs of frequency tells how often something happens.