18.2.2 Proteins

• What type of biomolecule are proteins composed of?

  Amino acid monomers
• Why are proteins biologically important?

  Essential for growth and repair
• Proteins are essential for structural support in cells.

  True
• What is the central atom in an amino acid?

  Carbon
• The R group in an amino acid determines its unique properties.


  True
• Peptide bonds form through a condensation reaction.
• Arrange the levels of protein structure in order of increasing complexity:

  1️⃣ Primary

  2️⃣ Secondary

  3️⃣ Tertiary

  4️⃣ Quaternary
• What are the two common types of secondary structures in proteins?

  Alpha helices and beta sheets
• Understanding protein structure is crucial for understanding its function.

  True
• In the secondary structure of a protein, local folding results in structures like alpha helices and beta sheets
• Van der Waals forces are involved in the quaternary structure of proteins.


  True
• What is the bonding in the primary structure of a protein?

  Covalent peptide bonds
• The tertiary structure of a protein is stabilized by hydrogen bonds, disulfide bridges, hydrophobic interactions, and ionic bonds.


  True
• Match the protein component with its description:

  Amino Acid Monomers ↔️ Fundamental building blocks of proteins

  Peptide Bonds ↔️ Bonds linking amino acids

  Roles of Proteins ↔️ Structure, function, biological processes
• Peptide bonds are the only type of bond that links amino acids in proteins.

  False
• What is the chemical composition of the amino group in an amino acid?

  -NH2
• The R group of an amino acid determines its unique properties and interactions within proteins.


  True
• A peptide bond forms through a condensation reaction.
• A water molecule is released as a byproduct during the formation of a peptide bond.


  True
• Alpha helices and beta sheets are characteristic of the secondary structure of a protein.
• Match the level of protein structure with its bonding:

  Primary ↔️ Covalent peptide bonds

  Secondary ↔️ Hydrogen bonds

  Tertiary ↔️ Hydrogen bonds, disulfide bridges

  Quaternary ↔️ Hydrogen bonds, van der Waals forces
• What is the role of enzymes in biological systems?

  Speed up chemical reactions
• Antibodies are proteins that play a key role in the immune response.

  True
• Proteins are linked together by peptide bonds.
• Match the property of proteins with its description:

  Structure ↔️ Provides structural support and scaffolding

  Function ↔️ Catalyzes biological reactions
• Proteins are vital for the structure, function, and overall biology of living things.
• Match the functional group with its description in an amino acid:

  Amino Group ↔️ Basic group containing nitrogen

  Carboxyl Group ↔️ Acidic group containing carbon

  R Group ↔️ Unique side chain determining properties
• How many common amino acids are there?

  20
• A water molecule is released during the formation of a peptide bond.


  True
• What type of bonding maintains the primary structure of a protein?

  Covalent peptide bonds
• The tertiary structure of a protein is its overall 3D structure.
• What type of bonding is found in the primary structure of a protein?

  Covalent peptide bonds
• What forces contribute to the tertiary structure of a protein?

  Hydrogen bonds, disulfide bridges
• Match the level of protein structure with its description:

  Primary ↔️ Sequence of amino acids

  Secondary ↔️ Local folding of amino acid chains

  Tertiary ↔️ Overall 3D structure

  Quaternary ↔️ Multiple polypeptide chains interacting
• Alpha helices and beta sheets are characteristic of the secondary structure of a protein.
• What type of bonding is found in the quaternary structure of proteins?

  Hydrogen bonds, van der Waals forces
• What are the fundamental building blocks of proteins?

  Amino acid monomers
• Amino acids are characterized by a central carbon atom bonded to an amino group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen atom, and an R group.
• What is the chemical composition of the carboxyl group in an amino acid?

  -COOH
• Steps in the formation of a peptide bond:

  1️⃣ Carboxyl group of one amino acid reacts with the amino group of another

  2️⃣ Condensation reaction occurs

  3️⃣ Water molecule is released

  4️⃣ Peptide bond is formed