13.5 Optical Instruments

• Optical instruments use lenses, mirrors, or both to manipulate light
• Optical instruments rely on the principles of refraction, reflection, and diffraction
• What is the principle by which lenses focus light in optical instruments?

  Refraction
• A camera uses lenses to focus light onto an image sensor
• What is the purpose of a telescope?

  Magnifies distant objects
• Match the optical instrument with its purpose:

  Telescope ↔️ Magnifies distant objects

  Microscope ↔️ Magnifies small objects

  Camera ↔️ Captures images

  Human Eye ↔️ Allows vision
• A telescope uses lenses or mirrors to magnify distant objects
• A microscope uses refraction to magnify small objects.


  True
• What happens to light when it passes from one medium to another in refraction?

  It bends
• Optical instruments use lenses, mirrors, or both to manipulate light
• Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another.


  True
• The human eye uses a lens to focus light onto the retina
• Steps to calculate the magnification of an optical instrument

  1️⃣ Determine the focal length of the objective lens

  2️⃣ Determine the focal length of the eyepiece lens

  3️⃣ Divide the focal length of the objective lens by the focal length of the eyepiece lens
• Which optical principle is used in a microscope to magnify small objects?

  Refraction
• Telescopes are used in astronomy to study distant celestial objects.


  True
• What is the formula for calculating the magnification of an optical instrument?

  $M =$$\frac{f_{o}}{f_{i}}$
• In the magnification formula, 'M' stands for magnification
• What is the typical magnification range of a telescope?

  20x to 600x
• A microscope typically has a magnification range of 40x to 1000x.


  True
• What are the three primary optical principles used in optical instruments?

  Refraction, Reflection, Diffraction
• Optical instruments can achieve a wide range of magnification levels by adjusting the focal lengths and positioning of the lenses and mirrors
• What are the three primary principles that optical instruments rely on?

  Refraction, reflection, diffraction
• Arrange the working principles of optical instruments in the correct order:

  1️⃣ Refraction

  2️⃣ Reflection

  3️⃣ Diffraction
• What happens to light during refraction?

  Light bends
• Refraction is used in lenses to focus light.
• What is the purpose of reflection in optical instruments?

  Redirect light
• What type of light sensor is used in a camera to capture images?

  Image sensor
• In what field is a telescope primarily used?

  Astronomy
• Optical instruments have a wide range of applications in various fields.


  True
• Optical instruments enable us to magnify, focus, and capture visual information
• The formula for calculating magnification is M = \frac{f_{o}}{f_{i}}</latex>


  True
• What is the typical magnification range of a telescope?

  20x to 600x
• Limitations of optical instruments affect the quality of images they produce.


  True
• Match the limitation with its description and remedy:

  Resolution ↔️ Distinguishes fine details; Use larger apertures

  Spherical Aberration ↔️ Imperfect focus; Employ multiple lenses

  Chromatic Aberration ↔️ Color fringing; Use achromatic lenses

  Coma ↔️ Off-axis distortion; Use multiple lens elements

  Distortion ↔️ Straight lines appear curved; Use aspheric lenses
• Chromatic aberration is caused by dispersion in lenses.


  True
• Non-linear optics exploits light's interaction with non-linear materials
• Computational imaging algorithms can improve resolution and reduce noise
• Adaptive optics systems use deformable mirrors to correct for atmospheric turbulence in real-time.


  True
• Miniaturization of optical instruments is enabled by advances in micro-optics
• Match the optical instrument with its purpose:

  Telescope ↔️ Magnifies distant objects

  Microscope ↔️ Magnifies small objects

  Camera ↔️ Captures images