13.5 Optical Instruments

• Optical instruments use lenses, mirrors, or both to manipulate light
• A telescope uses lenses or mirrors to magnify distant objects
• A camera uses lenses to focus light onto an image sensor
• Optical instruments use lenses, mirrors, or both to manipulate light
• The human eye uses a lens to focus light onto the retina
• What is the formula for calculating the magnification of an optical instrument?

  $M =$$\frac{f_{o}}{f_{i}}$
• A microscope typically has a magnification range of 40x to 1000x.


  True
• What are the three primary principles that optical instruments rely on?

  Refraction, reflection, diffraction
• A telescope is designed to magnify distant objects.
• Refraction is used in lenses to focus light.
• Match the optical instrument with its purpose:

  Telescope ↔️ Magnifies distant objects

  Microscope ↔️ Magnifies small objects

  Camera ↔️ Captures images

  Human Eye ↔️ Allows vision
• What is the principle by which lenses focus light in optical instruments?

  Refraction
• What happens to light when it passes from one medium to another in refraction?

  It bends
• Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another.


  True
• Telescopes are used in astronomy to study distant celestial objects.


  True
• In the magnification formula, 'M' stands for magnification
• What are the three primary optical principles used in optical instruments?

  Refraction, Reflection, Diffraction
• Match the optical instrument with its purpose:

  Telescope ↔️ Magnifies distant objects

  Microscope ↔️ Magnifies small objects

  Camera ↔️ Captures images
• Arrange the working principles of optical instruments in the correct order:

  1️⃣ Refraction

  2️⃣ Reflection

  3️⃣ Diffraction
• What is the purpose of reflection in optical instruments?

  Redirect light
• The human eye uses a lens to focus light onto the retina for vision.
• Optical instruments have a wide range of applications in various fields.


  True
• Magnification is determined by the focal length of lenses or mirrors
• What is the typical magnification range of a telescope?

  20x to 600x
• Match the limitation with its description and remedy:

  Resolution ↔️ Distinguishes fine details; Use larger apertures

  Spherical Aberration ↔️ Imperfect focus; Employ multiple lenses

  Chromatic Aberration ↔️ Color fringing; Use achromatic lenses

  Coma ↔️ Off-axis distortion; Use multiple lens elements

  Distortion ↔️ Straight lines appear curved; Use aspheric lenses
• Adaptive optics uses deformable mirrors to correct atmospheric distortion
• Arrange the future advancements in optical instruments in order of their primary focus:

  1️⃣ Adaptive Optics

  2️⃣ Non-linear Optics

  3️⃣ Quantum Optics
• Miniaturization of optical instruments is enabled by advances in micro-optics
• What type of light sensor is used in a camera to capture images?

  Image sensor
• Microscopes are essential tools in biology and medicine for examining small-scale structures.


  True
• Optical instruments enable us to magnify, focus, and capture visual information
• Match the optical instrument with its typical magnification range:

  Telescope ↔️ 20x to 600x

  Microscope ↔️ 40x to 1000x

  Camera ↔️ 1x to 10x

  Human Eye ↔️ 1x
• Limitations of optical instruments affect the quality of images they produce.


  True
• Chromatic aberration is caused by dispersion in lenses.


  True
• Quantum optics uses quantum entanglement for ultra-sensitive imaging.


  True
• Adaptive optics systems use deformable mirrors to correct for atmospheric turbulence in real-time.


  True
• Optical instruments rely on the principles of refraction, reflection, and diffraction
• A microscope uses refraction to magnify small objects.


  True
• What is the purpose of a telescope?

  Magnifies distant objects
• Which optical principle is used in a microscope to magnify small objects?

  Refraction