Text as a discourse

• Cohesion refers to the way the elements of a stretch of discourse are bound together and form a unified whole.
• Text refers to words such as reports, street or road signs, documents, essays, notices.
• Reading is a complex cognitive process of decoding symbols to derive meaning.
• Discourse is the interchange of ideas such as dialogues, conversations, debates.
• The LGBTQIA++ group demanded their own sense of identity when signing up for formal documents such as passports and marriage/union certifications, including the endorsement of the usage of the honorific “Mx”.
• Some communities and interest groups use terms that are built from a common interest, which are not understood by lay persons.
• Text is the result of the process of speech production in graphic form.
• Indirect speech is processed speech with no personal contacts between agents/sources and perception of speech in different space and time.
• Discourse is the process of speech production in the form of sound, including spontaneous speech in a particular situation, personal contacts between agents/sources, and perception of speech in unity of space and time.
• Speaking and writing are active or productive skills in language learning because such action requires learners to produce language.
• Listening and reading are passive or receptive skills because learners are on the receiving end of language.
• Speaking is usually informal or repetitive, can use both verbal and non-verbal cues, and provides immediate feedback.
• Writing is planned, can be changed through editing and revision, relies on written words to convey meaning, and provides delayed or no response.
• Skimming is a reading strategy that involves speed reading, focusing on the main idea, and not reading the whole of the material.
• Scanning is a reading strategy that involves searching for specific words or phrases in the text to answer some questions.
• Context Clues are reading strategies that include synonyms, definition, antonyms, explanations, and word parts.
• Connecting old and new information - As facts are created and changed every day, you must be able to connect with the reader by providing both sides of the coin: what was said then, and what is proven now
• Acronyms WHO, UAAP, NU, KB, MB, GB, TB
• Commonly used Punctuations Colon (:), Semicolon (;)
• Contextualization of content - You must also be able to make a connection with your readers by tailor-fitting your content to what they want/what they are interested with
• Titles Dr, Arch, Engr, Prof, Instr
• Cohesion - Halliday and Hasan define it as the fluid connection of ideas between sentences and paragraphs (1975)
• Generalization to specification - This organizational pattern allows you to expand the reach of the thought that you present in your topic sentences by giving examples
• Mechanics - refers to the rules and technicalities that assist with readability, clarity, and flow
• Coherence - overall sense of unity in a passage, the quality of being logical and well-organized, details of a coherent paragraph follow a certain logical order, focuses the reader’s attention on the main ideas and the specific people, things, and events being written about
• Backronym - a portmanteau of the terms “back” and “acronym”; are acronyms that became words in their right due to constant usage by English speakers
• Transitional devices - help connect words and allow smooth flow between words by linking a thought from one sentence to another or from one paragraph to the next
• Post nominal - are letters placed after a person’s name to indicate education qualifications, title of office, and honors; commonly connected after the names of certain professions
• Editing for mechanics means that an editor will watch for spelling, punctuation, and capitalization errors
• Honorfics Mr, Ms, Miss, Mrs, Ma’am, Sir
• Meaning making - Your readers must be able to make sense of what you have said
• Close Reading is a reading strategy that requires you to stay with the text repeatedly to get its meaning as accurately as possible, including focusing on the text itself and using the text to answer questions based on it, making marginal annotations, and repeated readings.
• Discourse is the creation and organization of the segments of a language above as well as below the sentence.
• Connected speech, or connected discourse, in linguistics, is a continuous sequence of sounds forming utterances or conversations in spoken language.
• Linguistic Units include phonemes, morphemes, lexemes, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics.
• Sentence and Utterance are different ways of writing a sentence.
• Pronouns must also be consistent.
• We either have a constructive or a destructive tone in our texts.
• Expository essays are written when you want to present a certain problem and present your evidence (i.e. supporting details) leading to a conclusion.
• Brevity is when you can present a certain thought with as few words as possible.