Neuro

• What are nociceptors?

  Pain receptors
• What are the two groups of nerve fibers involved in pain pathways?

  C-fibers and A-delta fibers
• What are the two pathways of the Spinothalamic tract?

  Neospinothalamic and Paleospinothalamic
• Which structures does the pain pathway branch to?

  Reticular Formation and Limbic system
• What can synapsing with different sensory nerve cells lead to?

  Different pain perception
• Can pain be experienced without any activity in the primary afferent nociceptor?

  Yes
• Can peripheral afferent sensory pain be detected without pain experience?

  Yes
• What type of response is nociceptive pain a physiologic response to?

  Heat, cold, vibration, stretch, or chemicals
• What are the two subcategories of nociceptive pain?

  Somatic and Visceral pain
• What type of pain originates from the skin, soft tissues, ligaments, muscles, bones, or joints?

  Somatic pain
• What type of pain is a result of internal organ inflammation, spasm, dilation, obstruction, or impaired blood supply?

  Visceral pain
• What type of pain results from nerve cell dysfunction in the PNS and/or CNS?

  Neuropathic pain
• What type of pain results from damage or injury to nerve conduction pathways in the CNS?

  Central pain
• How can central pain vary?

  In severity and duration
• What type of pain follows the sensory distribution of the affective inflammation or compression nerve?

  Radicular pain
• What type of pain results from the convergence of sensory nerves from certain areas before they enter the brain for interpretation?

  Referred pain
• What type of pain has psychological causes such as stress or anxiety?

  Psychogenic pain
• What type of pain is associated with a missing body part because of damaged nerve pathways at the site of injury?

  Phantom pain
• What type of pain affects the skeletal muscle and surrounding fascia and is often characterized by trigger points?

  Myofascial pain
• What type of pain is associated with constricted or dilated blood vessels?

  Vascular pain
• What is the typical onset of acute pain?

  Recent
• What is the typical onset of chronic pain?

  Continuous or intermittent
• What is the typical duration of acute pain?

  Less than 3 months
• What is the typical duration of chronic pain?

  More than 3 months
• What autonomic responses are consistent with the sympathetic fight or flight response in acute pain?

  Increased HR, BP, glucose, RR, pupillary dilation
• What happens to gut motility and salivary flow in acute pain?

  Decreased gut motility, decreased salivary flow
• Are autonomic responses present in chronic pain?

  No, there is absence of autonomic responses
• What psychological components are associated with acute pain?

  Anxiety, restlessness, insomnia
• What psychological components are associated with chronic pain?

  Irritability, depression, somatic preoccupation
• What other types of responses are associated with chronic pain?

  Decreased sleep, libido, appetite changes
• What is attacked in Myasthenia Gravis?

  ACh binding to receptors
• What happens to muscle weakness in Myasthenia Gravis with activity?

  Worsens with activity
• What happens to muscle weakness in Myasthenia Gravis with rest?

  Improves with rest
• What are some symptoms of Myasthenia Gravis?

  Diplopia, difficulty chewing, talking, and swallowing
• What is a Myasthenia Crisis?

  Sudden exacerbation of symptoms
• What is the primary concern during a Myasthenia Crisis?

  Breathing
• What can trigger an acute exacerbation of muscle weakness in Myasthenia Gravis?

  Infection, surgery, emotional distress, lack of medication
• What is affected in Multiple Sclerosis?

  Myelin sheath in CNS neurons
• Who is most affected by MS?

  Women
• What is affected in Opticospinal multiple sclerosis (OSMS)?

  Optic nerve, spinal cord axonal loss