Integrated Science 8: Second Quarter

• Pacific Ring Of Fire causes Earthquakes, Typhoons, and volcanic eruptions.
• Earthquakes are caused by the movement of tectonic plates, which can be tectonic, volcanic, explosion, or collapse/underground earthquakes.
• Earthquakes are measured by magnitude and intensity.
• Earthquakes occur at a focus, which is the point where the earthquake started, and an epicenter, which is the point on the surface of the earth directly above the focus.
• Earthquakes are recorded by a seismograph, which records the strength and duration of an earthquake.
• Intensity refers to how severe the ground shakes during an earthquake.
• We experience 500,000 earthquakes a year.
• An earthquake is a rapid release of energy, known as the movement of plates, caused by a sudden slip on a fault.
• A fault is a long crack in the surface of the earth where the forces of moving plates may cause the rocks to bend or break.
• Types of earthquakes include tectonic, volcanic, explosion, and collapse/underground earthquakes.
• Normal faults occur where two blocks of rock are pulled apart as by tension, with the hanging wall going downward.
• Strike-slip faults move horizontally and have two types: right lateral and left lateral.
• Reverse faults are where the hanging wall goes downward.
• Compression stress, tension stress, shear stress, and confining stress are types of earth’s stress.
• Seismic waves are refracted or bent and the speed depends on its density.
• Primary waves, also known as pressure waves, are the first to be detected and the fastest seismic wave that can pass through all types of materials on the ground.
• Secondary waves, also known as shear waves, can only travel through solid material but are the slowest body wave.
• Love waves move along the ground side or upward and downward.
• Horizontal shaking movements damage or greatly damage foundations of infrastructure.
• Rayleigh waves move vertically or horizontally.
• Most of the shaking we feel during an earthquake is due to Rayleigh waves.
• PAR stands for Philippine Area Of Responsibility.
• The Coriolis effect, caused by the Earth’s rotation, deflects moving objects to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere.
• Air from surrounding areas with higher air pressure pushes into this lower pressure area.
• Intensity Scale is used in earthquakes.
• Dissperation stage is when the cyclone disperse or leaves.
• Hailey’s Comet is a short period comet, can be seen twice in a human’s life.
• Public Storm Wind System (PSWS) is a system used in the Philippines to identify the strength of winds during a typhoon.
• Severe Tropical Cyclone forms in the southeastern tibean/Indian.
• Near Earth Objects (NEO) refer to comets and asteroids, which are remnants from the formation of Earth, and they orbit the planet.
• Hurricane forms in the North Atlantic Ocean.
• CALABARZON is a place in the Philippines where typhoons are not frequent.
• As this process repeats, clouds are formed when the moist air cools off, and when the rain falls, wind increases, hence the thunderstorm.
• Comet consists of ice frozen gasses, when near the sun the tail becomes visible.
• Meteors enter the Earth’s Atmosphere.
• Meteorites hit the Earth’s surface.
• Mature stage is when the cyclone is effecting.
• Rayleigh waves are slower than love waves but can travel in any type of material.
• Warm air rises when it is more than 26.5 degree celsius.
• Philvocs stands for Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology.