21st CENTURY 1

• o Literature is derived from the Latin “littera” which means “letter”, which refers primarily to written texts. Therefore, literature is simply anything that is written.

  o Literature consists writings that recognize the meanings of nature and life, in words of charm and power, touched with the character of the author, in artistic forms of permanent interest (Henry Van Dyke)
• o Literature is the written, printed or oral productions of the human mind collectively, which deals with themes of permanent and universal interest, characterized by creativeness and grace of expression, as poetry, fictions, essays, etc., distinguished from works of scientific, technical or journalistic nature (Webster Comprehensive Dictionary, International Edition).
• Types of Literature

  1 . Oral literature is the literature of the ancient periods when they did not yet have much concern about an enduring preservation of the expressions of their wits and emotions or their experiences because what seemed to matter then to them was merely the pleasure of being able to tell stories or being able to express themselves either in the simplest way they can or in their kind of aesthetic sense. It is preserved and handed down from one generation to another by word of mouth. Oral literature started unwritten, but eventually captured for writing.
• TYPES OF LITERATURE

  B. Written literature is one that produced from the use of the pen by literary writer. Written Literature is more permanent than oral literature because it remains as is.
• REASONS WHY PEOPLE WRITE

  1. For self-expression. It goes by the saying, “The mouth speaks what the heart is full of.” Literature can be a great avenue for a person to express what they feel or think.

  2. To spread knowledge and information. Writing is a great way for us not only to share information, but to learn from the information shared by other people.
• REASONS WHY PEOPLE WRITE

  3. To pass on ideas and values. Preserving ideas and values can be difficult and writing can mend to that problem. Passing on principles can be made easy by writings.

  4. To convey truth, accuracy, and evaluation. This allows others to analyze, evaluate, form valid judgments, and make wise decisions.
• THE QUALITIES OF GREAT LITERATURE

  1. Permanence - Great literature has a lasting influence and can stand through ages and may still open a new world of meaning and experiences through different generations

  2. Universality - Great literature appeals to anyone, wherever, whenever and may be constantly relevant. It deals with elemental feelings, fundamental truths, and universal conditions.

  3. Artistry – Great literature draws to our aesthetic sense or sense of beauty.
• The Qualities of Great Literature:

  4. Intellectual Value – Great literature stimulates the way we think. It makes us realize fundamental truths about life and human nature; thus, enriching our mental ability.

  5. Spiritual Value – Great literature motivates, inspires, and brings out moral values which can make us better persons. It also relates to God’s plan and purpose for humanity.
• The Qualities of Great Literature:

  6. Style – Great literature is evident with the distinctive way in which the writer sees life, forms his/her ideas, and expresses them distinctly. The uniqueness of the writer shows in his or her style.

  7. Suggestiveness – Great literature draws to our emotions, stirs our imagination, feeling, moves us deeply and evokes visions over and beyond the level of ordinary life and experience.
• Prose - is a discourse that follows the continuous and usual flow of conversation which uses sentences forming paragraphs to express ideas, feelings, and actions. It is divided into two major divisions, namely fiction and non-fiction.
• Fiction is a type of prose writing that is the product of the author’s imagination.
• TYPES OF FICTION

  1. Short Story - is a sequence of events including one or more characters, one narrative, and one single idea.
  2. Novel - is a long work of fiction that has chapters where many characters are involved and spans long period of time.
  3. Play - is a scripted story executed on stage
• TYPES OF FICTION

  4. Legend - is a narrative about the origin of man, place, event, and happenings.

  5. Fable - is a narrative where the characters are animals and nonliving objects that speak and act like people, and usually ends with values that can mold their attitudes.
• Non-fiction is a type of prose writing that is based on facts, real events, and real people.
• TYPES OF NON-FICTION

  1. Essay - an attempt to express the viewpoint and judgment of the writer on a dilemma or event.
  2. Oration - a formal treatment of the subject and intended to be spoken before a crowd.
  3. Biography - a literary work that gives the life account of a person written by another person.
• TYPES OF NON-FICTION

  4. Autobiography is a literary work where the author writes his own life account.

  5. News is a report of expected and unexpected events in society and government and incidents in the fields of science, business, etc.

  6. Letters is a written message communicated from one person to another person via writing through a medium. Letters can be formal and informal.
• TYPES OF NON-FICTION

  7. Diaries and journals serve as accounts of personal experiences. They are synonymous but there isan important difference:

   A diary is precisely a record of personal or private and daily experiences.

   A journal, depending on the context, could mean a more universal record or logbook but more importantly a technical journal, that is a scientific or industry-related publication/periodical.
• Poetry - a type of literature that combines the sound and meaning of language to create and express ideas and feelings. The language of poetry which uses imagery and figurative language in closely related terms is very rich, suggestive, and powerful. It is expressed in a regimented manner by the force of stanza, meter, rhyme, and other regulating devices
• THREE TYPES OF POETRY

  1. Narrative poetry
  2. Dramatic poetry
  3. Lyric poetry
• 1. Narrative poetry - tells stories and has two forms: a. Epics are lengthy poems that embody the adventures of epic heroes and divine forces. They are the oldest remaining form of poetry.Examples: Biag ni Lam-ang, Epic of Gilgamesh, Beowulfb. Ballads are narrative poems meant to be sung. They are briefer than the epics and they usually tell stories about a person. Because ballads started from the common people, they use repetitive and simple language as well as supernatural touches.
• 2. Dramatic poetry - reveal stories, but one or more characters act out the poem. There are plays that are written as dramatic poetry. This allows the writer to reveal characters directly through dialogue/ monologue. William Shakespeare, an English playwright, is the most famous dramatic poet. In the dramatic monologue, the story is dramatically told by only one character.
• 3. Lyric poetry, the most familiar of the three, is a brief poem that articulates the poet’s thoughts and feelings. The word lyric comes from the Greek word “rhein” which means lyre, a harp-like musical instrument used by poets in ancient Greece.
• FORMS OF LYRIC POETRY

  a. Haiku, one of the shortest lyric poems, is a Japanese verse of 17 syllables arranged in three lines, the first line has 5, the second 7, and the third 5.

  b. Ode is a serious elaborate lyric poem full of high praises and noble feelings usually about things.

  c. Elegy is a poem of meditation on life and death. Many elegies mourn the death of a famous person or a close friend.
• FORMS OF LYRIC POETRY

  d. Sonnet is a 14-line lyric poem with a certain pattern of rhyme and rhythm. Examples: How Do I Love Thee by Elizabeth Barrett Browning (1806-1986) an English Poet Sonnet 18 by William Shakespeare

  e. Song is a lyric poem intended to be sung.