Psy233 bio

• Endocrine system is a chemical communication network in the body
• Hormones are responsible for the functioning or growth of the body
• Pituitary gland secretes hormones, regulates growth, and controls all parts of the endocrine system
• Pineal gland secretes melatonin
• Melatonin is the hormone secreted by the pineal gland
• Hypothalamus controls the pituitary gland
• Hormone deficiency can lead to stunted growth and mental retardation
• Thyroid is located at the neck and regulates metabolism
• Oversecretion of hormones can result in high metabolism, weight loss, and nervousness
• Adrenal cortex secretes cortisol, which regulates sugar and salt balance and helps resist stress
• Adrenal medulla secretes adrenaline and noradrenaline, which arouse the body to deal with stress
• Pancreas regulates the level of sugar by secreting insulin and glucagon
• Insulin lowers blood sugar by storing excess sugar in the liver
• Glucagon raises blood sugar by releasing sugar from the liver
• Ovaries are responsible for ovulation and the production of ova
• Testes are involved in the production of sperm cells
• Androgens are related to male sexual and reproductive function
• Testosterone regulates sex drive, bone mass, fat, muscle mass, production of RBC, and sperm
• Estrogens are a group of hormones that contribute to the normal sexual and reproductive development of women
• Estradiol helps to mature and maintain the reproductive system
• Progestins are present in both sexes, and progesterone prepares the uterus and breast for pregnancy
• Female gonads hormone levels are cyclic, while male gonads hormone levels are steady
• Neural signals, hormonal signals, and nonhormonal chemicals regulate hormone levels
• Glucose, calcium, and sodium levels in the blood influence the release of particular hormones
• Meat consumption can lead to estrogen dominance
• Sugar consumption can result in insulin resistance
• Fruits and toxins can lead to high leptin levels
• Caffeine consumption can cause imbalanced cortisol levels
• Grains consumption can lead to an imbalance in growth hormones
• Dairy consumption can result in low thyroid function or insulin resistance
• Humans are dimorphic and exist in two forms
• XX and XY individuals are identical in the primordial gonad stage
• The cortex has the potential to develop into an ovary, while the medulla has the potential to develop into a testis
• Male sexuality is not directly correlated with testosterone levels
• The medial preoptic area of the hypothalamus plays a role in male sexual behavior
• Adrenal cortex steroids trigger the development of sexual attraction
• Adrenal maturation occurs around the age of 10 with the onset of sexual interest
• Sexual identity refers to the sex (male or female) that a person believes themselves to be
• Gender dysphoria occurs when a person believes they are trapped in the body of the opposite sex
• Major structures of the neuroendocrine system include the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid, adrenal cortex, adrenal medulla, testes, ovaries, and pancreas