11.1 The overarching concepts in chemistry

• What are the four overarching concepts in chemistry?

  Structure, Change, Energy, Reactions
• Energy is involved in breaking and forming chemical bonds during reactions.

  True
• What does the Law of Conservation of Mass state?

  Mass is neither created nor destroyed
• Arrange the following fundamental laws and theories in chronological order of discovery:

  1️⃣ Law of Conservation of Mass

  2️⃣ Law of Definite Proportions

  3️⃣ Dalton's Atomic Theory

  4️⃣ Avogadro's Law
• What is the difference between physical and chemical changes?

  Physical changes alter state, chemical form new compounds
• Match the concept with its example:

  Structure ↔️ Diamond's hardness

  Change ↔️ Water freezing

  Energy ↔️ Combustion requires energy

  Reactions ↔️ Combustion releases heat
• What does Dalton's Atomic Theory explain about chemical reactions?

  Atoms combine in whole-number ratios
• The atomic number of an element is the number of protons in its nucleus.

  True
• A proton is located in the nucleus
• The atomic number of an element is equal to the number of protons in its nucleus.


  True
• Which type of chemical bond results in substances with high melting points and electrical conductivity when molten?

  Ionic
• What is the electron arrangement in a metallic bond called?

  Sea of delocalized electrons
• Redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons between reactants.


  True
• Match the overarching concept in chemistry with its definition:

  Structure ↔️ The arrangement of atoms and molecules in a substance

  Change ↔️ Transformations substances undergo, physical or chemical

  Energy ↔️ Involvement in breaking and forming chemical bonds

  Reactions ↔️ Processes that convert reactants into products
• The overarching concepts in chemistry are interrelated.


  True
• Match the law/theory with its key concept:

  Dalton's Atomic Theory ↔️ All matter consists of atoms

  Avogadro's Law ↔️ Equal gas volumes have equal molecules

  Law of Conservation of Mass ↔️ Mass is conserved in chemical reactions

  Law of Definite Proportions ↔️ Elements in a compound have fixed proportions
• The atomic number of an atom is the number of protons in its nucleus
• The concept of Structure in chemistry refers to the arrangement of atoms and molecules in substances
• The overarching concepts in chemistry are interrelated, with Structure affecting the Energy requirements for Change
• The Law of Definite Proportions asserts that chemical compounds always contain the same elements in fixed proportions
• What does Avogadro's Law declare?

  Equal volumes of gases have equal molecules
• Energy is always released during exothermic reactions.


  True
• The Law of Conservation of Mass states that the total mass of reactants equals the total mass of products.

  True
• Avogadro's Law relates the Structure of gases to their Change in volume and Energy requirements at the same temperature and pressure
• The arrangement of electrons determines the chemical behavior of an atom
• What is the charge of an electron?

  Negative (-1)
• The mass number of an atom is the total number of protons and neutrons
• Covalent bonds form when atoms share electrons to achieve stable electron configurations.


  True
• Arrange the following types of chemical reactions based on their primary characteristic:

  1️⃣ Combustion

  2️⃣ Acid-Base Neutralization

  3️⃣ Redox

  4️⃣ Precipitation
• Combustion reactions are always exothermic
• The tetrahedral structure of diamond makes it extremely hard
• What does the Law of Conservation of Mass state?

  Mass is neither created nor destroyed
• The Law of Conservation of Mass applies to both physical and chemical changes.


  True
• What determines an atom's chemical behavior?

  Electrons
• Electrons have a negative charge and orbit the nucleus
• Chemical bonds are the forces that hold atoms together to form molecules and compounds
• Metallic bonds involve a sea of delocalized electrons
• Arrange the states of matter in order of increasing density:

  1️⃣ Gas

  2️⃣ Liquid

  3️⃣ Solid
• Fundamental units in chemistry include the kilogram for mass and the meter for length.


  True
• One of the four key concepts in chemistry is Structure