4.5 Social-Cognitive and Trait Theories of Personality

• The Five-Factor Model describes personality across five dimensions, including Openness
• What is the most prominent model in Trait theories?

  Five-Factor Model
• Order the dimensions of the Five-Factor Model from highest to lowest focus on emotional stability:

  1️⃣ Agreeableness

  2️⃣ Conscientiousness

  3️⃣ Neuroticism
• Extraversion in the Big Five is characterized by being talkative, assertive, and outgoing
• Match the Big Five trait with its characteristic:

  Neuroticism ↔️ Emotional instability

  Agreeableness ↔️ Compassionate and cooperative

  Extraversion ↔️ Energetic and talkative
• Eysenck's Three-Factor Model includes Neuroticism as one of its broad personality dimensions.


  True
• What method did Cattell use to identify personality factors?

  Factor analysis
• What does neuroticism refer to in Eysenck's model?

  Emotional instability
• Match the personality theory with its key concepts:

  Allport's Trait Theory ↔️ Cardinal, central, secondary traits

  Cattell's 16 Personality Factors ↔️ Surface traits, source traits

  Eysenck's Three-Factor Model ↔️ Extraversion, Neuroticism, Psychoticism

  Five-Factor Model (OCEAN) ↔️ OCEAN dimensions
• Self-efficacy refers to one's belief in their own capabilities.


  True
• The most prominent trait theory model is the Five-Factor Model.
• The Five-Factor Model is used in Trait theories to describe personality across five broad dimensions.


  True
• Conscientiousness is characterized by traits such as self-discipline, responsibility, and aiming for achievement
• Neuroticism is characterized by a tendency to experience unpleasant emotions such as anger, anxiety, or depression
• Allport's theory distinguishes between cardinal, central, and secondary traits
• Eysenck's Three-Factor Model includes the dimensions Extraversion, Neuroticism, and Psychoticism
• What do Social-Cognitive theories emphasize in shaping personality?

  Social experiences and cognition
• Match the theory with its focus:

  Social-Cognitive ↔️ Interaction between social experiences, cognitive processes, and behavior

  Trait ↔️ Stable, consistent personality traits
• Neuroticism is a trait associated with experiencing pleasant emotions easily.

  False
• What does the 'Openness' dimension of the Big Five describe?

  Appreciation for imagination
• What is the primary focus of Trait theories in understanding personality?

  Inherent personality traits
• Cattell's 16 Personality Factors uses analysis to identify personality factors.
• In Allport's theory, cardinal traits are dominant and defining
• Eysenck's Three-Factor Model includes Extraversion, Neuroticism, and Psychoticism
• In the Five-Factor Model, openness is one of the OCEAN
• What is the term for learning by watching others in Social-Cognitive theory?

  Observational learning
• Trait theories focus on identifying consistent personality traits.


  True
• The key difference between Social-Cognitive and Trait theories is their focus.
• What does the trait of Openness in the Five-Factor Model describe?

  Appreciation for art and adventure
• Agreeableness involves being compassionate and cooperative rather than suspicious and antagonistic towards others.


  True
• What is the primary focus of Allport's Trait Theory?

  Unique individual traits
• In Cattell's theory, surface traits are observable behaviors, while source traits are underlying factors.


  True
• Match the trait theory with its key concepts:

  Allport ↔️ Cardinal, central, secondary traits

  Cattell ↔️ Surface traits, source traits

  Eysenck ↔️ Extraversion, Neuroticism, Psychoticism

  Five-Factor Model ↔️ OCEAN dimensions
• Albert Bandura's social learning theory emphasizes the concept of observational learning
• Arrange the steps in observational learning:

  1️⃣ Observe the behavior of others

  2️⃣ Note the consequences of the behavior

  3️⃣ Use this information to guide own actions
• Trait theories aim to identify and measure consistent personality traits, with the Five-Factor Model being the most prominent example
• What is the key difference between trait and social-cognitive theories?

  Their focus on personality
• Social-cognitive theories emphasize observational learning, self-efficacy, and reciprocal determinism
• What is a cardinal trait according to Allport's Trait Theory?

  Dominant and defining
• Order the number of traits identified by each major trait theory from fewest to most:

  1️⃣ Eysenck's Three-Factor Model

  2️⃣ Five-Factor Model

  3️⃣ Cattell's 16 Personality Factors