7.4 Data Analysis

• Quantitative data is collected through interviews and observations.

  False
• Standard deviation is a measure of how spread out the values are from the mean
• What is the primary purpose of inferential statistics?

  Determine statistical significance
• Inferential statistics allow researchers to draw conclusions about a broader population.

  True
• Inferential statistics allow researchers to make conclusions about a broader population
• Examples of inferential statistics include t-tests, ANOVA, and regression
• Match the data type with its characteristics:

  Quantitative Data ↔️ Numerical and measured statistically

  Qualitative Data ↔️ Non-numerical and describes experiences
• The mean is the average value, while the median is the middle value
• If the p-value is below the threshold, the researcher can reject the null hypothesis
• Inferential statistics allow researchers to make conclusions about a broader population.

  True
• Examples of descriptive statistics include the mean, median, and standard deviation
• A bar chart could display mean scores, while a table could summarize key themes
• A study rejects the null hypothesis if the p-value is below 0.05
• What is quantitative data in psychology?

  Numerical information
• Match the type of data with its characteristic:

  Quantitative Data ↔️ Numerical

  Qualitative Data ↔️ Non-numerical
• Descriptive statistics help researchers prepare data for further analysis.


  True
• In hypothesis testing, researchers first state a null hypothesis
• Match the type of statistics with its characteristic:

  Inferential Statistics ↔️ Uses hypothesis testing

  Descriptive Statistics ↔️ Summarizes sample data
• Match the statistical approach with its primary purpose:

  Inferential Statistics ↔️ Make inferences about a population

  Descriptive Statistics ↔️ Summarize sample data
• Best practices when creating data visualizations

  1️⃣ Use clear, informative titles and axis labels

  2️⃣ Select appropriate chart/table types

  3️⃣ Minimize clutter and extraneous elements

  4️⃣ Ensure color schemes are accessible
• Quantitative data is numerical, while qualitative data is non-numerical
• Standard deviation indicates the spread of data from the mean.


  True
• Match the statistical approach with its primary purpose:

  Inferential Statistics ↔️ Make inferences about a population

  Descriptive Statistics ↔️ Summarize sample data
• Match the type of statistics with its purpose:

  Inferential Statistics ↔️ Make inferences about a population

  Descriptive Statistics ↔️ Summarize sample data
• Data visualization for quantitative data often involves charts
• Well-designed visualizations enhance the impact and clarity of research findings.

  True
• Confidence intervals provide a range within which the true population parameter is likely to fall.


  True
• The p-value represents the probability that the observed results occurred by chance
• Effect size measures the magnitude of an observed effect in standardized units.
• A p-value of 0.03 and a Cohen's d of 0.7 indicate results that are statistically significant with a medium-to-large effect
• Confidence intervals are typically set at a level of 95%
• Qualitative data is non-numerical information describing characteristics, experiences, or behaviors
• How is the mean calculated in descriptive statistics?

  Sum all values and divide
• Match the descriptive statistic with its purpose:

  Mean ↔️ Indicates central tendency

  Range ↔️ Indicates variability
• Steps involved in hypothesis testing

  1️⃣ State a null hypothesis

  2️⃣ Calculate a test statistic

  3️⃣ Determine the p-value

  4️⃣ Compare the p-value to a threshold
• Steps in hypothesis testing in inferential statistics

  1️⃣ State the null hypothesis

  2️⃣ Calculate a test statistic

  3️⃣ Determine the p-value

  4️⃣ Compare the p-value to a threshold

  5️⃣ Decide if the results are statistically significant
• Inferential statistics involve hypothesis testing and p-values.


  True
• A bar chart could display mean scores on a psychology survey
• Examples of qualitative data include interview transcripts and observation notes.


  True
• Steps in hypothesis testing in inferential statistics

  1️⃣ State the null hypothesis

  2️⃣ Calculate a test statistic

  3️⃣ Determine the p-value

  4️⃣ Compare the p-value to a threshold

  5️⃣ Decide if the results are statistically significant