2.2.2 Programming paradigms

• Procedural programming structures programs as a series of procedures or functions
• In procedural programming, the focus is on what an object can do.

  False
• Functional programming uses concepts like immutability and higher-order functions.


  True
• The procedural paradigm focuses on how to do something using procedures and control structures
• The three main programming paradigms are procedural, object-oriented, and functional
• Functional programming focuses on what the program should do, rather than how it should do it.

  True
• In the imperative paradigm, the programmer directly manages the control flow of the program.


  True
• In the declarative paradigm, data is immutable after creation.


  True
• What is the primary focus of functional programming?

  Evaluation of mathematical functions
• The Python code `even_numbers = filter(lambda x: x % 2 == 0, numbers)` filters even numbers from a list in a functional style.


  True
• Programming paradigms are different approaches for writing computer programs.


  True
• Functional programming is built around the evaluation of mathematical functions
• The imperative programming paradigm focuses on explicitly telling the computer how to solve a problem.


  True
• Declarative programming focuses on specifying what you want to achieve rather than how to achieve it.


  True
• Side effects are minimized in declarative programming to maintain predictability.

  True
• Immutability in declarative programming ensures data changes after creation.

  False
• What is considered a side effect in declarative programming?

  Modifying program state
• Functional programming emphasizes immutable data, which cannot be changed after it is created
• How does functional programming differ from imperative programming?

  Focuses on what, not how
• Objects in OOP contain both data and behavior.

  True
• Procedural programming focuses on how to do something by defining specific steps and control flow.


  True
• In procedural programming, the focus is on how to do something, not what to do
• In object-oriented programming, programs are built around objects that contain data and methods
• The imperative programming paradigm focuses on explicitly telling the computer how to solve a problem by modifying the state of the program
• The object-oriented paradigm focuses on what an object can do using objects, classes, inheritance, and encapsulation
• What is the primary focus of procedural programming?

  How to do something
• What is the central focus of the imperative programming paradigm?

  How to modify state
• What does the Python code `x = x + 10` do in the imperative paradigm?

  Increases x by 10
• In declarative programming, a function is considered pure if it has no side effects
• In functional programming, data cannot be changed after it is created, emphasizing immutability
• One key concept in object-oriented programming is inheritance
• Match the programming paradigm with its focus:

  Procedural ↔️ How to do something

  Object-Oriented ↔️ What an object can do

  Functional ↔️ What the program should do
• Procedural programming relies on control structures to manage program flow.


  True
• In imperative programming, instructions are executed sequentially
• Immutability is a key concept in declarative programming that prevents data from being modified
• To filter even numbers from a list in a declarative style, you specify the condition
• Declarative code specifies the steps for filtering even numbers from a list.

  False
• Match the higher-order functions with their purpose:

  map() ↔️ Applies a function to each element of a sequence

  filter() ↔️ Returns elements that satisfy a condition

  reduce() ↔️ Combines elements of a sequence
• What is the focus of object-oriented programming (OOP)?

  What an object can do
• Encapsulation in OOP hides the internal implementation details of an object