4.1.1.1 Substance Dualism

• Substance Dualism asserts that the mind and body exist independently and have unique properties
• According to Substance Dualism, the mind is indivisible
• In Property Dualism, the mind is regarded as non-physical properties
• In Substance Dualism, the mind is a separate, immaterial entity.
• Substance Dualism and Parallelist Dualism both agree on the interaction between the mind and body.

  False
• What is the core idea of Descartes' interactionist dualism?

  Mind and body interact
• Descartes proposed that the pineal gland is the site of mind-body interaction.

  True
• Gottfried Leibniz is a key proponent of parallelist dualism.

  True
• Substance dualism aligns with the common-sense understanding of mind and body as distinct entities.


  True
• What is the primary challenge of interactionism in explaining mind-body interaction?

  Explaining the mechanism
• Parallelist dualism has been criticized for failing to account for the apparent interaction between mental and physical phenomena
• Both interactionism and parallelist dualism face philosophical challenges in reconciling the mind-body relationship.

  True
• What is the philosophical view that the mind and body are two distinct and separate substances called?

  Substance Dualism
• What kind of substance is the mind according to Substance Dualism?

  Non-physical
• What is the term for mental states in Property Dualism, which arise from the physical body?

  Emergent properties
• Who is a key proponent of Substance Dualism?

  René Descartes
• Descartes believed the mind and body interacted via the pineal gland.
• Order the following dualist theories based on their core principles:

  1️⃣ Substance Dualism

  2️⃣ Property Dualism

  3️⃣ Interactionist Dualism

  4️⃣ Parallelist Dualism
• In parallelist dualism, the mind and body do not directly influence
• In parallelist dualism, the mind and body operate within their own causal systems
• Substance dualism lacks empirical evidence for the existence of a non-physical mind
• Parallelist dualism avoids the challenges of interactionism by denying direct causal relationships.


  True
• Arrange the following arguments based on whether they support or oppose substance dualism:

  1️⃣ Mind and body are distinct entities (Support)

  2️⃣ Explains subjective conscious experience (Support)

  3️⃣ Difficulty explaining mind-body interaction (Oppose)

  4️⃣ Lack of evidence for a non-physical mind (Oppose)
• The mind is located in physical space according to Substance Dualism.

  False
• Substance Dualism posits that the mind is an immaterial entity separate from the physical body.

  True
• Property Dualism argues that the mind and body are two distinct substances.

  False
• What is Descartes' specific term for his version of Substance Dualism?

  Interactionist Dualism
• What does Parallelist Dualism assert about the relationship between the mind and body?

  They operate independently
• According to Descartes, the mind is an immaterial entity responsible for thoughts, beliefs, and desires
• What is the central claim of parallelist dualism?

  Mind and body are parallel
• How many substances are proposed in both substance dualism and parallelist dualism?

  Two
• What is a major criticism of substance dualism regarding mind-body interaction?

  Explaining the mechanism
• What type of interaction does parallelist dualism propose between the mind and body?

  No direct interaction
• Overall, interactionism and parallelist dualism struggle to reconcile the relationship between the mind and body