2.1 DNA and Inheritance

• DNA contains the instructions for life.


  True
• What type of bonds hold the two strands of DNA together?

  Hydrogen bonds
• DNA serves as a template for creating RNA
• The phosphate group in a nucleotide links sugars in the DNA backbone.


  True
• What does DNA stand for?

  Deoxyribonucleic acid
• What are the four nitrogenous bases in DNA?

  Adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine
• Adenine always pairs with thymine
• What are the three primary functions of DNA?

  Storing information, replication, transcription
• What does DNA replication ensure in living organisms?

  Heredity
• What are the two main processes facilitated by DNA for protein synthesis?

  Transcription and translation
• DNA stores the genetic code for traits and characteristics.

  True
• What is a gene?

  Section of DNA for traits
• Different forms of a gene are called alleles
• What is a recessive allele?

  Expresses trait with two copies
• What is the role of DNA polymerase in DNA replication?

  Synthesizes new DNA strands
• Match the nitrogenous base with its complementary base:

  Adenine (A) ↔️ Thymine (T)

  Cytosine (C) ↔️ Guanine (G)
• What is the role of genes in inheritance?

  Instructions for specific traits
• DNA replication is a semiconservative process, meaning each new DNA molecule contains one original strand and one newly synthesized strand
• Chromosomes are structures found in the nucleus of cells that contain the organism's DNA
• The Law of Segregation states that paired alleles separate during meiosis so each gamete contains only one allele for each trait.


  True
• Nitrogenous bases in DNA encode genetic information.


  True
• Steps in the assembly of a DNA double-helix

  1️⃣ Sugar-phosphate backbone forms

  2️⃣ Nitrogenous bases pair

  3️⃣ Hydrogen bonds stabilize strands
• Match the function of DNA with its description:

  Storing Genetic Information ↔️ Contains the genetic code for traits

  Replication ↔️ Creates an identical copy of DNA

  Transcription ↔️ Produces RNA for protein synthesis
• DNA replication begins with helicase unwinding and separating the strands
• Where are chromosomes located within a cell?

  Cell nucleus
• What is the genetic makeup of an organism called?

  Genotype
• Mutations in DNA sequences can lead to conditions like sickle cell anemia.
• Match the mutation type with its description:

  Point Mutation ↔️ A single nucleotide is substituted

  Frameshift Mutation ↔️ Insertion or deletion of nucleotides not a multiple of three
• DNA changes can significantly impact the structure and function of proteins.


  True
• DNA is a double-helix structure composed of nucleotides
• Match the nitrogenous base with its pairing partner in DNA:

  Adenine ↔️ Thymine

  Cytosine ↔️ Guanine
• Steps involved in DNA replication

  1️⃣ DNA strands separate

  2️⃣ New nucleotides are added to each strand

  3️⃣ Two identical DNA molecules are formed
• DNA contains the genetic code for all traits of an organism.


  True
• Steps involved in protein synthesis

  1️⃣ Transcription of DNA into RNA

  2️⃣ RNA moves to ribosomes

  3️⃣ Translation of RNA into protein
• Dominant alleles express their traits even if only one copy is present.
• Why is DNA replication essential for cells?

  Ensures genetic continuity
• DNA replication is a semiconservative process.


  True
• DNA primase provides RNA primers to initiate DNA synthesis.


  True
• What is the structure of DNA?

  Double-helix
• What does DNA replication ensure in new cells?

  Genetic continuity