2.2.2 Processes of Language Change

• Micro-level changes in language affect individual words or phrases
• What are the two main processes of language change?

  Internal and external
• Order the processes of language change based on their primary driving force:

  1️⃣ Internal processes

  2️⃣ External processes
• What social factors can influence language change?

  Cultural, political, or gender influences
• What is grammatical change?

  Alterations to grammatical structures
• Order the processes of language change based on their primary influence on vocabulary:

  1️⃣ Borrowing

  2️⃣ Semantic change
• Grammatical change involves alterations to grammatical structures
• Give an example of borrowing in English.

  "Café" from French
• What are the primary drivers of external changes in language?

  Cultural contact and technological advancement
• Give an example of borrowing in English.

  "Café" from French
• Match the factor influencing language change with its example:

  Social Influences ↔️ Cockney slang in London dialects

  Cultural Influences ↔️ Adoption of "emoji" from Japanese

  Economic Influences ↔️ Spread of English in business

  Technological Influences ↔️ Internet slang like "LOL"
• Economic globalization can standardize language use.

  True
• Language change can create barriers between older and younger generations
• Match the process with its description:

  Internal Processes ↔️ Changes within the language system

  External Processes ↔️ Changes driven by external factors
• Match the process with its description:

  Internal Processes ↔️ Changes within the language system

  External Processes ↔️ Changes driven by external factors
• Internal and external processes can occur simultaneously to influence language change.


  True
• Order the main processes of internal language change:

  1️⃣ Borrowing

  2️⃣ Semantic Change

  3️⃣ Sound Changes
• The word "bungalow" was borrowed from Hindi
• Match the process with its example:

  Borrowing ↔️ Café from French

  Semantic Change ↔️ Awful's changing meaning

  Cultural Contact ↔️ Bungalow from Hindi

  Technological Advancement ↔️ Selfie from smartphones
• The word "emoji" was adopted into English from Japanese
• Economic globalization has contributed to the spread of English
• The emergence of terms like "emoji" and "hashtag" enhances clarity and specificity
• Language change can create barriers between older and younger generations due to dialect divergence.


  True
• Language change is a continuous and gradual process


  True
• Semantic change refers to shifts in word meanings
• Give an example of semantic change in English.

  "Awful" from awe-inspiring to very bad
• Semantic change occurs within the internal processes of language change


  True
• Language change occurs continuously and gradually at both micro and macro levels.
• What is the Great Vowel Shift?

  Sound changes in Middle English
• Both internal and external processes contribute to language change.


  True
• The word "awful" originally meant awe-inspiring
• The word "bungalow" was adopted into English from Hindi
• The word "awful" originally meant awe-inspiring
• What is an example of cultural influence on language change?

  Adoption of "emoji" from Japanese
• Technological advancements introduce new vocabulary and communication methods
• Language change occurs continuously and gradually at both micro and macro levels.


  True
• Give an example of an internal process in language change.

  Semantic change
• Both internal and external processes contribute to the continuous evolution and transformation of a language
• A type of internal process is grammatical change
• Match the internal process with its example:

  Borrowing ↔️ Café from French

  Semantic Change ↔️ Awful changing meaning

  Sound Changes ↔️ Great Vowel Shift