9.2 Technological Advances and Limitations After 1900: Disease

• The growth of densely populated cities facilitates the transmission of diseases as people live in closer proximity
• What impact have vaccines had on deadly diseases?

  Widespread immunization and prevention
• What is the primary impact of vaccines on disease outbreaks?

  Prevention through immunization
• Gaps in global disease surveillance can hamper the ability to contain outbreaks effectively.

  True
• Technological advances have improved our ability to prevent, detect, and treat infectious diseases
• What are two challenges in public health infrastructure that hinder disease containment?

  Gaps in surveillance and coordination
• What does globalization refer to in the context of disease transmission?

  Interconnectedness through trade, communication, and transportation
• Globalization has accelerated the transmission of diseases by altering environmental conditions.


  True
• Ongoing challenges in disease prevention include the rise of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.


  True
• Factors limiting the effectiveness of vaccines

  1️⃣ Challenging development for new diseases

  2️⃣ Vaccine hesitancy

  3️⃣ Unequal global access
• The rise of antibiotic-resistant bacteria reduces the efficacy of current treatments
• Advanced diagnostic technologies may not be widely available in resource-limited settings
• Increased mobility due to globalization enables diseases to spread more quickly across borders
• Improved diagnostic tools allow for earlier and more accurate disease diagnosis.


  True
• The rise of antibiotic-resistant bacteria requires ongoing research for new antibiotics.

  True
• Order the following global disease outbreaks chronologically:

  1️⃣ Influenza (Spanish Flu, 1918-1920)

  2️⃣ AIDS (1980s onwards)

  3️⃣ Ebola (2014-2016)

  4️⃣ COVID-19 (2019-2021)
• The Ebola outbreak in 2014-2016 primarily affected West Africa.


  True
• Match the global health initiative with its role:

  Global Health Security Agenda (GHSA) ↔️ Strengthens global capacities against infectious threats

  Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance ↔️ Increases immunization access in poor countries
• Geopolitical tensions can hinder information-sharing and coordinated action
• The discovery and use of antibiotics have allowed for effective treatment of bacterial infections
• Improved medical imaging and testing technologies enable earlier and more accurate diagnosis
• Why is vaccine hesitancy a limitation to disease prevention?

  Reduces immunization rates
• What are two limitations of vaccines in preventing infectious diseases?

  Vaccine hesitancy and unequal access
• Globalization has accelerated the transmission of diseases by increasing human mobility and altering environmental conditions.


  True
• What is one limitation of vaccines in disease prevention?

  Vaccine hesitancy
• What is a key challenge in the development and distribution of vaccines?

  New or rapidly mutating diseases
• What is one limitation of public health infrastructure in combating outbreaks?

  Gaps in surveillance
• AIDS has affected over 70 million people globally, with approximately 35 million deaths
• What is the role of the World Health Organization (WHO) in global health?

  Coordinates disease surveillance
• What is one geopolitical tension that hinders international cooperation in combating diseases?

  Insufficient funding
• Match the technological advancement with its impact:

  Vaccines ↔️ Widespread immunization and outbreak prevention

  Antibiotics ↔️ Effective treatment of bacterial infections

  Diagnostic Tools ↔️ Earlier and more accurate disease diagnosis

  Public Health Infrastructure ↔️ Improved global disease surveillance
• The discovery of antibiotics has reduced mortality rates from infectious diseases
• Advanced diagnostic tools may not be widely available in resource-limited countries
• How many deaths were caused by the Spanish Flu during 1918-1920?

  50-100 million
• What caused the rapid spread of COVID-19 globally?

  High mobility
• Unequal distribution of resources is a major challenge in international cooperation to combat diseases.


  True