6.3 Research Studies in Sleep and Dreaming

• What do dream diaries record in sleep research?

  Dream narratives
• REM sleep is highly associated with vivid dreaming.
• The study by Dement and Kleitman revealed that REM sleep is highly associated with vivid dreaming.
• What does polysomnography measure during sleep?

  Brain waves, heart rate, eye movements, muscle activity
• Sleep deprivation studies can observe the effects on cognitive performance and mood.

  True
• What are the three methodologies used in sleep research as mentioned in the text?

  Polysomnography, dream diaries, sleep deprivation
• What does EEG measure in polysomnography?

  Brain waves
• Arrange the key findings of Kleitman and Aserinsky's sleep studies in chronological order:

  1️⃣ Discovery of REM sleep

  2️⃣ Observation of distinct sleep stages

  3️⃣ Demonstration that the sleep cycle repeats
• Which researchers' studies are highlighted as significantly advancing our understanding of sleep and its functions?

  Dement and Kleitman
• Sleep deprivation is used in research to observe its effects on cognitive performance, mood, and physical health.

  True
• fMRI measures changes in blood oxygenation
• Which brain region shows increased activity during REM sleep according to fMRI studies?

  Limbic system
• In lucid dreaming, the dreamer is aware that they are dreaming.


  True
• Dement and Kleitman's studies highlighted the importance of REM sleep.


  True
• REM sleep is strongly associated with vivid dreaming.


  True
• Positron Emission Tomography (PET) detects metabolic activity and blood flow
• In lucid dreaming, the dreamer is aware that they are dreaming
• One ethical consideration in sleep research is managing the risk of sleep deprivation
• Validity in research refers to the extent to which a study measures what it claims to measure
• Which physiological and psychological processes are studied in sleep research?

  Those occurring during sleep
• Kleitman and Aserinsky's studies demonstrated that the sleep cycle repeats throughout the night.


  True
• Polysomnography measures brain waves using an EEG
• What is REM sleep associated with in early sleep studies?

  Vivid dreaming
• PET scans detect metabolic activity and blood flow in the brain.

  True
• What do dream diaries reveal about the content of dreams?

  Common themes and imagery
• What right do participants have in sleep research studies?

  Withdrawal rights
• Who conducted early sleep studies in the 1950s that identified REM sleep?

  Kleitman and Aserinsky
• What does fMRI measure to infer brain activity during sleep research?

  Blood oxygenation
• Lucid dreaming involves awareness of dreaming and control over dream content.


  True
• Ethical considerations in sleep research prioritize participant well-being and data integrity.

  True
• Reliability in research refers to the consistency and reproducibility of findings.


  True
• Polysomnography uses EEG to measure brain waves.
• Which researchers conducted key studies on REM sleep and dreaming?

  Dement and Kleitman
• Match the methodology with its description:

  Polysomnography ↔️ Measures brain waves, heart rate, eye movements, and muscle activity

  Dream diaries ↔️ Records dream content upon awakening

  Sleep deprivation ↔️ Deliberately limits sleep to observe effects
• Sleep deprivation studies can observe the effects on cognitive performance and mood.


  True
• Kleitman and Aserinsky discovered REM sleep and its association with vivid dreaming.
• What does polysomnography measure during sleep studies?

  Brain waves, heart rate, eye movements, muscle activity
• Order the discoveries made by Kleitman and Aserinsky in their early sleep studies.

  1️⃣ Identified REM sleep

  2️⃣ Discovered REM-NREM sleep stages

  3️⃣ Demonstrated the cyclical nature of sleep
• Lucid dreaming contrasts with regular dreaming in its level of awareness
• Match the characteristic with the type of dreaming:

  Awareness ↔️ Lucid Dreaming

  Limited Control ↔️ Regular Dreaming