6.1 Key Concepts in Sleep and Dreaming

• Sleep allows the body and brain to rest, restore, and rejuvenate

  True
• REM sleep is associated with muscle paralysis and dreaming


  True
• Adenosine is a neurotransmitter that accumulates in the brain during waking hours
• Match the sleep regulation mechanism with its role:

  Circadian rhythm ↔️ Sets sleep-wake schedule

  Homeostatic sleep drive ↔️ Determines sleepiness
• As adenosine levels rise, the homeostatic sleep drive creates a stronger urge for sleep
• Which neurotransmitter promotes wakefulness and plays a role in the sleep-wake cycle?

  Orexin
• What is the primary function of maintaining a healthy balance between NREM and REM sleep?

  Overall well-being
• The Activation-Synthesis Theory suggests dreams have no inherent meaning.


  True
• What are the two key mechanisms involved in regulating sleep?

  Circadian rhythm and homeostatic sleep drive
• Which hormone, influenced by the circadian rhythm, promotes sleepiness in the evening?

  Melatonin
• The suprachiasmatic nucleus responds to light and dark cues to maintain a 24-hour cycle.


  True
• Adenosine levels decrease during waking hours.

  False
• The homeostatic sleep drive determines when we feel sleepy
• NREM sleep is characterized by slower brain waves
• REM sleep is characterized by increased brain activity
• In Freud's theory, the manifest content of a dream refers to its literal events.
• The information processing theory suggests dreams help organize and consolidate memories
• What is one of the physical restoration functions of sleep?

  Repairs and regenerates tissues
• According to Freud's theory, what is one function of dreaming?

  Resolves unconscious conflicts
• What are the two main stages of sleep?

  NREM and REM
• Steps involved in the biological regulation of sleep

  1️⃣ Circadian rhythm responds to light/dark cues

  2️⃣ SCN releases melatonin

  3️⃣ Adenosine builds up during waking hours

  4️⃣ Homeostatic sleep drive increases
• The homeostatic sleep drive balances the circadian rhythm by increasing sleepiness as adenosine levels rise


  True
• The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is influenced by light and dark cues to regulate the circadian rhythm


  True
• Which biological process ensures healthy, restorative sleep?

  Interplay of mechanisms
• Sleep is divided into two main stages: Non-Rapid Eye Movement (NREM) sleep and Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep
• REM sleep is associated with dreaming, memory consolidation, and cognitive processing
• What is the primary purpose of sleep for the body and brain?

  Restoration and rejuvenation
• The circadian rhythm is influenced by the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and the release of melatonin
• What are the two key biological mechanisms that regulate sleep?

  Circadian rhythm, homeostatic sleep drive
• Which hormone is influenced by the SCN to promote sleepiness?

  Melatonin
• What is the role of the circadian rhythm in sleep regulation?

  Sets sleep-wake schedule
• The circadian rhythm and homeostatic sleep drive work independently of each other.

  False
• Which type of sleep lacks rapid eye movements?

  NREM
• Match the sleep stage with its characteristics:

  NREM ↔️ Slower brain waves

  REM ↔️ Rapid eye movements
• The activation-synthesis theory suggests dreams have inherent meaning.

  False
• Order the key theories of dreaming from most to least psychological:

  1️⃣ Freud's Psychodynamic Theory

  2️⃣ Information Processing Theory

  3️⃣ Activation-Synthesis Theory
• Sleep supports the immune system by boosting its ability to fight off infections
• The information processing theory suggests dreams help organize and consolidate information
• Sleep is a natural, recurring state of altered consciousness
• NREM sleep is considered the restorative stage of sleep