1.4.6 Research Procedures

• The research process consists of four main stages: planning, conducting, analysing, and reporting
• What is the key activity in the planning stage of research?

  Formulating hypotheses
• A formal research report must include sections such as introduction, methods, results, discussion, and conclusion


  True
• Surveys use questionnaires or interviews to collect data from a sample
• Which sampling technique divides the population into subgroups and selects a proportional number from each?

  Stratified sampling
• Research methods are used to gather and analyse data
• Which sample selection technique ensures participants are chosen randomly from the entire population?

  Random sampling
• Independent groups in experimental design avoid order effects
• Systematic sampling involves selecting participants at regular intervals
• Order the steps involved in the research process

  1️⃣ Planning

  2️⃣ Conducting

  3️⃣ Analyzing

  4️⃣ Reporting
• What is the purpose of statistical analysis in psychological research?

  Determine significance and patterns
• Surveys rely on self-report
• What is random sampling in psychological research?

  Selecting participants randomly
• What do participant allocation techniques determine in psychological research?

  Assignment to experimental conditions
• Repeated measures control for individual differences but can cause order effects.

  True
• Surveys collect data through questionnaires or interviews
• Match the data analysis type with its description:

  Statistical Analysis ↔️ Applying tests to numerical data

  Qualitative Analysis ↔️ Identifying themes in non-numerical data
• What does informed consent ensure in psychological research?

  Voluntary participation
• What is the primary goal of the analysing stage in research?

  Interpreting results
• What is the main advantage of experiments as a research method?

  Establishes cause-and-effect
• Case studies are useful for exploring complex phenomena in detail


  True
• Systematic sampling selects participants at regular intervals
• Match the stage of the research process with its key activity:

  Planning ↔️ Defining research problem

  Conducting ↔️ Collecting data ethically

  Analysing ↔️ Interpreting statistical data

  Reporting ↔️ Presenting findings formally
• Observations in natural settings provide realistic insights into behaviour

  True
• Stratified sampling ensures the representation of subgroups in the population


  True
• What does stratified sampling ensure in research?

  Representation of all subgroups
• What is the primary advantage of random sampling?

  Eliminates bias
• What confounding variable does matched pairs design aim to control for?

  Specific confounding variables
• What is a key disadvantage of surveys as a data collection method?

  Relies on biased self-report
• The choice of data collection method depends on the research question
• The first stage of the research process is planning
• What is a key disadvantage of experiments in psychological research?

  Lack real-world generalization
• Match each sampling technique with its advantage:

  Random Sampling ↔️ Eliminates bias

  Systematic Sampling ↔️ Covers population evenly

  Stratified Sampling ↔️ Ensures subgroup representation
• Stratified sampling ensures representation of all subgroups in the population.


  True
• Independent groups avoid order effects
• Steps in conducting an experiment

  1️⃣ Manipulate independent variables

  2️⃣ Measure dependent variables

  3️⃣ Control the environment

  4️⃣ Establish cause-and-effect relationships
• What is the primary limitation of case studies in psychological research?

  Difficult to generalize findings
• Adhering to ethical principles is crucial in psychological research to protect participants.


  True
• Participants in psychological research have the right to withdraw at any time without penalty.


  True
• Each stage of the research process is critical for valid and reliable findings

  True