3.5.2 Mandate Period and Independence Movements (1918–1948)

• The Iraqi Independence Movement achieved its goal in 1932.


  True
• The Mandate system disregarded local nationalist aspirations.

  True
• Chronological order of Middle Eastern independence movements:

  1️⃣ Arab Revolt (1916-1918)

  2️⃣ Egyptian Revolution (1919)

  3️⃣ Iraqi Independence Movement (1920s)
• The Mandate system disregarded the nationalist aspirations of local populations.

  True
• The Mandate system granted Britain control over Palestine and Transjordan
• The Mandate system's disregard for local nationalist aspirations laid the foundations for political instability
• Pan-Arabism promoted Arab unity and independence from foreign control
• Match the resistance movement with its key characteristic:

  Arab Revolt ↔️ Aimed to end Ottoman rule

  Zionist Movement ↔️ Sought a Jewish homeland
• Match the resistance movement with its key characteristic:

  Arab Revolt ↔️ Led by Sharif Hussein to end Ottoman rule

  National Bloc (Syria) ↔️ Used political activism against French authorities

  Zionist Movement (Palestine) ↔️ Sought to establish a Jewish homeland
• After World War I, Britain and France were granted temporary control over former Ottoman territories in the Middle East under the Mandate system.
• What was the goal of Palestinian Nationalism in the 1920s-1940s?

  Oppose British Mandate
• The Sykes-Picot Agreement ignored the nationalist aspirations of local Middle Eastern populations.
• The Sykes-Picot Agreement laid the foundations for political instability and conflict in the Middle East.
• What conflicting promises did Britain make during the mandate period?

  To Arabs and Zionists
• The mandate system in Syria and Lebanon disregarded Arab nationalist aspirations.


  True
• What was the primary goal of independence movements in the Middle East during the mandate period?

  End foreign rule
• Match the resistance movement with its key characteristic:

  Armed resistance ↔️ Arab Revolt against Ottoman rule

  Political activism ↔️ Through political parties and organizations

  Cultural movements ↔️ Promoting local languages and traditions

  Religious movements ↔️ Leveraging religious identity to mobilize support
• The Arab-Israeli conflict was partly caused by the mandate system's disregard for nationalist aspirations in Palestine.

  True
• The Arab Revolt of 1916-1918 was led by Sharif Hussein of Mecca.
• The Sykes-Picot Agreement was a secret pact between Britain and France.
• The Sykes-Picot Agreement ignored the nationalist aspirations of local populations.
• The Sykes-Picot Agreement laid the foundations for much of the political instability
• What was the main goal of independence movements in the Middle East?

  End foreign rule
• Which European power controlled Syria and Lebanon under the Mandate system?

  France
• What was one of the main factors driving the rise of nationalism in the Middle East during the mandate period?

  European colonial policies
• Who led the Arab Revolt against Ottoman rule?

  Sharif Hussein
• Islam served as a powerful rallying point for many Arab nationalist groups.
• What was the Mandate system established by the League of Nations after World War I?

  Temporary control of Ottoman territories
• The Egyptian Revolution in 1919 led to Egypt's immediate independence.

  False
• What was the purpose of the Sykes-Picot Agreement in 1916?

  Divide the Middle East
• Which European powers were involved in the Sykes-Picot Agreement?

  Britain and France
• Which European power was granted control over Syria and Lebanon under the Mandate system?

  France
• Which country gained control over Syria and Lebanon under the mandate system?

  France
• The mandate system granted temporary control over former Ottoman territories to European powers, including Britain and France.
• Factors driving the rise of nationalism in the Middle East during the mandate period

  1️⃣ European colonial policies

  2️⃣ Pan-Arabism

  3️⃣ Education and intellectual movements
• The mandate system ignored the self-determination desires of local populations, leading to political instability and conflict.
• After World War I, the League of Nations established the Mandate system.
• Match the independence movement with its goal:

  Arab Revolt ↔️ End Ottoman rule

  Egyptian Revolution ↔️ End British occupation
• The Arab Revolt was led by Sharif Hussein of Mecca.
• What was the purpose of the Sykes-Picot Agreement?

  Divided the Middle East