2.5.1 Fractional Distillation of Crude Oil

• Crude oil is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons
• Crude oil appears as a dark, thick liquid.


  True
• What are the three major groups of hydrocarbon components in crude oil?

  Alkanes, cycloalkanes, aromatics
• What happens to hydrocarbons with lower boiling points in the fractionating column?

  Condense higher
• What is the role of the fractionating column in fractional distillation?

  Provides surface for condensation
• Crude oil is extracted from the ground and then refined to produce useful products.
• Steps in the fractional distillation process:

  1️⃣ Evaporation

  2️⃣ Condensation

  3️⃣ Separation
• Hydrocarbons with higher boiling points condense higher in the fractionating column.

  False
• Condensers in fractional distillation are used to heat the vapor.

  False
• Condensers in fractional distillation solidify hydrocarbon fractions at their boiling points.


  True
• Hydrocarbons with higher boiling points condense lower in the fractionating column.


  True
• What is residue from fractional distillation used for?

  Asphalt, bitumen
• What is kerosene used for?

  Jet fuel, lighting
• What type of engine does diesel fuel?

  Diesel engine
• What is the composition of crude oil?

  Complex mixture of hydrocarbons
• Match the type of hydrocarbon with its characteristic:

  Cycloalkanes ↔️ Carbon atoms form rings with single bonds

  Aromatics ↔️ Cyclic compounds with alternating single and double bonds

  Alkanes ↔️ Straight or branched chains of carbon atoms
• Arrange the steps of fractional distillation in the correct order:

  1️⃣ Evaporation

  2️⃣ Condensation

  3️⃣ Separation
• The fractionating column in fractional distillation is a tall vertical structure with different temperature zones
• What is the function of the fractionating column in fractional distillation?

  Condensation of hydrocarbons
• Steps in the fractional distillation process

  1️⃣ Evaporation

  2️⃣ Condensation

  3️⃣ Separation
• Where do hydrocarbons with lower boiling points condense in the fractionating column?

  Higher
• What is heavy fuel oil used for?

  Ship fuel
• Match the crude oil fraction with its primary use:

  Gasoline ↔️ Motor fuel

  Diesel ↔️ Engine fuel

  Residue ↔️ Asphalt
• Without fractionation, crude oil would be unusable, resulting in significant economic loss.


  True
• What are the two elements that hydrocarbons are made up of?

  Carbon and hydrogen
• What process is used to separate crude oil into its components?

  Fractional distillation
• Match the hydrocarbon component with its nature and use:

  Alkanes ↔️ Straight or branched chains, fuels

  Cycloalkanes ↔️ Carbon atoms form rings, solvents

  Aromatics ↔️ Cyclic compounds with double bonds, plastics
• Gas, which has a boiling point below 40°C, is used as a fuel
• Condensers in fractional distillation cool vapor to solidify fractions at their boiling points.

  True
• Crude oil is a homogeneous mixture.

  False
• What is the purpose of fractional distillation?

  Separate crude oil
• Match the fraction with its boiling point range:

  Gas ↔️ Below 40°C

  Gasoline ↔️ 40-205°C

  Kerosene ↔️ 175-275°C

  Heavy fuel oil ↔️ Above 350°C
• What is the function of the fractionating column in fractional distillation?

  Condenses hydrocarbon vapor
• Steps in the fractional distillation process

  1️⃣ Evaporation: Crude oil is heated to convert it into a vapor.

  2️⃣ Condensation: The vapor rises through a fractionating column with different temperature zones.

  3️⃣ Separation: The fractions are collected at different trays in the column.
• Gases produced in fractional distillation have a boiling point range below 40
• Hydrocarbons with lower boiling points condense higher in the column.

  True
• Heavy fuel oil is used for ship fuel and industrial heating
• Gasoline is used as motor fuel for cars


  True
• Refined products have a wider range of boiling points than crude oil

  False
• Fractional distillation separates crude oil based on different boiling