What is the key idea of Travis Hirschi's Social Bond Theory?
Weak social bonds lead to crime
What community-level factors did Shaw and McKay link to high crime rates in their Social Disorganization Theory?
Poverty and residential instability
What are the three types of legitimate authority identified by Max Weber?
Traditional, charismatic, legal-rational
Max Weber focused on the concept of legitimate authority to understand social control mechanisms.
Durkheim believed that the shift from mechanical to organic solidarity changes the focus of social control from enforcing conformity to maintaining interdependence.
True
Match the mode of adaptation with its description in Merton's Strain Theory:
Conformity ↔️ Accepting goals and means
Innovation ↔️ Accepting goals but rejecting means
Ritualism ↔️ Rejecting goals but accepting means
Retreatism ↔️ Rejecting goals and means
Rebellion ↔️ Rejecting goals and means to replace them
Which theorist argued that both informal and formal social control mechanisms work together to prevent crime?
Albert Reiss
What type of solidarity is predominant in modern societies with a complex division of labor?
Organic solidarity
Organic solidarity is found in modern societies with complex divisions of labor.
True
Match Weber's types of legitimate authority with their descriptions:
Traditional authority ↔️ Derived from customs and beliefs
Charismatic authority ↔️ Based on exceptional leadership
Legal-rational authority ↔️ Grounded in formal rules
How does Weber's view of social control differ from Durkheim's?
Emphasis on authority
Merton's Strain Theory focuses on structural factors that create strain leading to deviance.
True
Albert Reiss argued that informal and formal social control work together to prevent crime.
True
Durkheim argued that crimes and deviance represent a breakdown in social solidarity.
True
Weber's approach contrasts with Durkheim's view on the shift from mechanical to organic solidarity.
True
What type of authority is often associated with informal social control based on customs?
Traditional
What term did Merton use to describe the lack of clear social and ethical standards resulting from strain?
Anomie
Travis Hirschi proposed the Social Bond Theory, which states that people commit crimes when their social bonds are weak or broken.
Mechanical solidarity is characterized by a strong collective conscience and shared values.
Mechanical solidarity is characterized by a strong collective conscience, shared values, and beliefs, as well as a simple division of labor
Social control in a legal-rational society relies more on formal institutions like the police and courts.
True
Match Merton's modes of adaptation with their descriptions:
Conformity ↔️ Accept goals and means
Innovation ↔️ Accept goals, reject means
Ritualism ↔️ Reject goals, accept means
Retreatism ↔️ Reject goals and means
Rebellion ↔️ Replace goals and means
Match Hirschi's elements of social bonds with their descriptions:
Attachment ↔️ Closeness to family
Commitment ↔️ Investment in conventional activities
Involvement ↔️ Participation in pro-social activities
Belief ↔️ Agreement with societal norms
Walter Reckless developed the Containment Theory, which suggests that people are prevented from committing crimes by inner and outer containments
Order the two types of social solidarity identified by Durkheim based on their characteristics.
1️⃣ Mechanical solidarity: Found in traditional societies with strong collective conscience and shared values
2️⃣ Organic solidarity: Predominant in modern societies with complex division of labor and diverse roles
Weber argued that the type of legitimate authority in a society determines the nature of its social control
Match the type of authority with its basis:
Traditional ↔️ Long-established customs and beliefs
Charismatic ↔️ Exceptional qualities of a leader
Legal-rational ↔️ Formal rules and procedures
Merton's Strain Theory proposes that deviance arises from a disconnect between cultural goals and legitimate means.
Merton's Strain Theory contrasts with Durkheim's view by focusing on structural factors rather than social solidarity.
True
Durkheim identified two main types of social solidarity: mechanical and organic.
True
What is social control essential for maintaining, according to Durkheim?
Social solidarity
Order the shifts in social control as societies transition from mechanical to organic solidarity, according to Durkheim:
1️⃣ Enforcing conformity
2️⃣ Maintaining interdependence
Weber's approach to social control emphasizes the concept of legitimate authority
Merton's Strain Theory proposes that deviance arises from a disconnect between cultural goals and legitimate means
Hirschi's Social Control Theory suggests that individuals commit crimes when their connections to society are weak
Hirschi's Social Control Theory, unlike Weber's, does not focus on formal institutions.
True
What does Hirschi's Social Control Theory emphasize in preventing crime?