2.2 Thinking, Problem-Solving, Judgments, and Decision-Making

• Decision-making requires selecting the best option from alternatives.


  True
• Problem-solving involves finding solutions to challenges
• Reasoning involves drawing conclusions based on available information.

  True
• What does analytical thinking involve in problem-solving?

  Breaking down a problem
• What are heuristics in problem-solving?

  General rules of thumb
• Thinking processes include problem-solving, decision-making, and judgment
• Match the cognitive process with its description:

  Perception ↔️ Interpreting sensory information

  Memory ↔️ Storing and retrieving information

  Reasoning ↔️ Drawing conclusions and inferences

  Language ↔️ Using symbols to communicate
• Match the cognitive process with its description:

  Perception ↔️ Interpreting sensory information

  Memory ↔️ Storing and retrieving information

  Reasoning ↔️ Drawing conclusions

  Language ↔️ Communicating ideas
• The cognitive process of drawing conclusions and making inferences based on available information is called reasoning
• Match the problem-solving strategy with its description:

  Analytical Thinking ↔️ Breaking down problems systematically

  Brainstorming ↔️ Generating ideas uncritically

  Trial and Error ↔️ Learning from outcomes

  Heuristics ↔️ Using general rules of thumb
• Match the heuristic with its associated bias:

  Availability Heuristic ↔️ Availability Bias

  Representativeness Heuristic ↔️ Representativeness Bias

  Anchoring and Adjustment Heuristic ↔️ Anchoring Bias
• Cultural values such as individualism and collectivism can influence thinking and decision-making.


  True
• Thinking is a core aspect of cognition that allows us to understand and interact with the world.

  True
• Thinking is the mental activity that manipulates information to form concepts, solve problems, make decisions, and make judgments
• Thinking is a core aspect of cognition that allows us to understand and interact with the world.

  True
• The cognitive processes involved in thinking work independently of each other.

  False
• What is brainstorming as a problem-solving technique?

  Generating ideas spontaneously
• What bias is associated with the representativeness heuristic?

  Representativeness bias
• What are the key cultural values that influence thinking and decision-making?

  Individualism, collectivism
• What does collectivism emphasize in decision-making?

  Group harmony
• The availability bias occurs when individuals overestimate the likelihood of events that are more memorable or vivid.


  True
• What is the core aspect of cognition that allows us to understand and interact with the world?

  Thinking
• What does judgment involve in the context of thinking processes?

  Assessing value or quality
• Decision-making requires selecting the best option from alternatives.


  True
• Which cognitive process involves interpreting and organizing sensory information?

  Perception
• What role does language play in cognitive processes?

  Communicating ideas
• Brainstorming generates ideas through uncritical group discussion
• Order the thinking processes based on their function:

  1️⃣ Problem-Solving: Finding solutions

  2️⃣ Decision-Making: Selecting the best option

  3️⃣ Judgment: Assessing value or quality
• Judgment involves assessing the value or quality of something.


  True
• The cognitive process of using symbols, such as words and numbers, to communicate ideas is called language
• The cognitive process of interpreting and organizing sensory information from the environment to give meaning and understanding is called perception
• Language involves using symbols, such as words and numbers, to communicate ideas and represent thoughts.


  True
• Heuristics are simple, efficient rules that people use to form judgments, but they can also lead to systematic errors called biases
• The availability heuristic involves judging the likelihood of an event based on how easily examples come to mind.
• Individualistic cultures emphasize personal achievement and independence
• Match the type of thinking with its function:

  Problem-Solving ↔️ Finding solutions to challenges

  Decision-Making ↔️ Selecting the best option

  Judgment ↔️ Assessing value or quality
• Thinking processes rely on key cognitive processes such as perception, memory, reasoning, and language.


  True
• What are the key cognitive processes involved in thinking?

  Perception, memory, reasoning, language
• What is the definition of problem-solving in the context of thinking?

  Finding solutions to challenges
• Steps involved in the trial and error problem-solving technique

  1️⃣ Try a solution

  2️⃣ Observe the outcome

  3️⃣ Learn from the outcome

  4️⃣ Repeat until success