5.2 Theories and Explanations of Memory

• What is the definition of memory?

  Ability to encode, store, retrieve
• What is the encoding type for the Short-Term Memory?

  Primarily acoustic
• Information in the Long-Term Memory is stored through acoustic encoding.

  False
• The WMM views short-term memory as an active system with multiple specialized components.
• Maintenance rehearsal helps maintain information in Short-Term Memory (STM).


  True
• The three key processes involved in memory are encoding, storage, and retrieval.


  True
• The WMM provides a more detailed and active account of memory processes compared to the MSM.

  True
• Why is memory considered a crucial cognitive process?

  Enables learning and recall
• What is the duration of information in Sensory Memory?

  1-2 seconds
• The WMM views short-term memory as a single passive store.

  False
• What does the Central Executive coordinate during retrieval in the WMM?

  Information from LTM
• Match the memory process with its definition:

  Encoding ↔️ Converting information into a form that can be stored in memory

  Storage ↔️ Maintaining information in memory over time

  Retrieval ↔️ Accessing and recalling stored information
• In the MSM, information enters the Sensory Memory and moves to STM
• What is encoding failure in memory?

  Information never enters memory
• High eyewitness confidence always indicates high accuracy

  False
• The Sensory Memory has a large capacity and stores information for 1-2 seconds.


  True
• Steps in the Multi-Store Model of Memory

  1️⃣ Information enters Sensory Memory

  2️⃣ Attention is paid, and information moves to STM

  3️⃣ Maintenance rehearsal maintains information in STM

  4️⃣ Information is encoded into LTM through semantic encoding
• Match the WMM component with its function:

  Central Executive ↔️ Attentional control and coordination

  Phonological Loop ↔️ Stores verbal/auditory information

  Visuospatial Sketchpad ↔️ Stores visual/spatial information

  Episodic Buffer ↔️ Integrates information from other components
• In the WMM, the Central Executive controls attention to encode information into the Phonological Loop, Visuospatial Sketchpad, and Episodic Buffer.
• Information is maintained in STM through rehearsal
• Information can be retrieved from LTM through recognition
• Information is stored in the Phonological Loop, Visuospatial Sketchpad, and Episodic Buffer
• Steps of information processing in the MSM

  1️⃣ Information enters Sensory Memory

  2️⃣ If attended to, moves to STM

  3️⃣ Maintained in STM through rehearsal

  4️⃣ Stored in LTM through semantic encoding
• Who proposed the Working Memory Model (WMM)?

  Baddeley and Hitch
• In the WMM, the Central Executive controls attention to encode information into the Phonological Loop, Visuospatial Sketchpad, and Episodic Buffer
• Information can only be maintained in STM through rehearsal

  True
• Steps in the memory process according to the MSM and WMM:

  1️⃣ Encoding

  2️⃣ Storage

  3️⃣ Retrieval
• The WMM provides a more detailed and active account of memory processes than the MSM


  True
• Cue-dependent forgetting is a type of retrieval failure


  True
• The Multi-Store Model of memory was proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin.
• The Long-Term Memory has a potentially permanent duration.
• Who proposed the Working Memory Model (WMM)?

  Baddeley and Hitch
• What are the three key processes involved in memory?

  Encoding, storage, retrieval
• What does the encoding process involve in memory?

  Converting information into storage
• Which memory store does information enter first according to the MSM?

  Sensory Memory
• What controls attention to encode information in the WMM?

  Central Executive
• The Multi-Store Model (MSM) was proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin.

  True
• Long-Term Memory encodes information primarily through semantics
• Match the component of the WMM with its function:

  Central Executive ↔️ Attentional control and coordination

  Phonological Loop ↔️ Stores verbal/auditory information

  Visuospatial Sketchpad ↔️ Stores visual and spatial information

  Episodic Buffer ↔️ Integrates information from other components
• Maintaining information in memory over time is referred to as storage