2.3 Structure and bonding of carbon

• Carbon can form covalent bonds because it has four valence electrons
• How many protons does carbon have in its nucleus?

  6
• Carbon can form covalent bonds with other carbon atoms to create large, complex molecules
• What are the three types of subatomic particles in carbon's atomic structure?

  Protons, neutrons, electrons
• What are the three types of covalent bonds that carbon can form?

  Single, double, triple
• Carbon can only form single bonds with other atoms.

  False
• Match the molecule with its bond order:

  Ethane (C-C) ↔️ Bond order = 1

  Ethene (C=C) ↔️ Bond order = 2

  Ethyne (C≡C) ↔️ Bond order = 3
• Graphite is a good electrical conductor.


  True
• Carbon nanotubes have a high strength-to-weight ratio.
• Graphene is extremely thin and flexible.


  True
• How many protons are in a carbon nucleus?

  6
• What type of bonding occurs when atoms share electrons?

  Covalent bonding
• Double bonds are stronger than single bonds.


  True
• How do differences in bond order affect the properties of molecules?

  Physical and chemical properties
• What is the structure of fullerenes?

  Spherical cage-like structures
• What type of lattice does diamond have?

  Tetrahedral
• What type of bonding is present in the 3D structure of diamond?

  Covalent
• Carbon nanotubes have a high strength-to-weight ratio.


  True
• Carbon has 6 protons in its nucleus.


  True
• What does bond order refer to?

  Shared electron pairs
• What are allotropes?

  Different structural forms
• What causes the diverse properties of carbon allotropes?

  Different atomic arrangements
• Match the carbon allotrope with its structure:

  Diamond ↔️ Tetrahedral lattice

  Graphite ↔️ Layered hexagonal sheets

  Fullerenes ↔️ Spherical cage-like structures
• Fullerenes have spherical cage-like structures and are used in drug delivery.
• Graphite has strong covalent bonds within layers and weak van der Waals forces between layers.
• Carbon nanotubes are essentially rolled-up sheets of graphene.

  True
• Carbon nanotubes are useful in nanomaterials and electronics due to their unique mechanical and electrical properties.


  True
• Carbon's nucleus contains both protons and neutrons.


  True
• Covalent bonds are strong and provide stability to carbon compounds.

  True
• Match the subatomic particle with its properties:

  Protons ↔️ Positive charge, in nucleus

  Neutrons ↔️ No charge, in nucleus

  Electrons ↔️ Negative charge, in orbitals
• Which type of covalent bond is the strongest: single, double, or triple?

  Triple bond
• What are allotropes of carbon?

  Structural forms of carbon
• Match the carbon allotrope with its properties:

  Diamond ↔️ Hardest, electrical insulator

  Graphite ↔️ Soft, electrical conductor

  Graphene ↔️ Thin, strong, flexible

  Fullerenes ↔️ Spherical, hollow cage-like
• What is an allotrope?

  Different structural forms
• Diamond is the hardest known natural material
• Fullerenes have a hollow cage-like structure
• Neutrons in the nucleus have a positive charge.

  False
• Carbon can form single, double, or triple covalent bonds
• Double bonds have a bond order of 2
• Match the carbon allotrope with its key property and application:

  Diamond ↔️ Hardest, transparent, cutting tools

  Graphite ↔️ Soft, conductive, pencils

  Graphene ↔️ Extremely thin, electronics

  Fullerenes ↔️ Cage-like, drug delivery