1.2.2 Indirect realism

• Indirect realism proposes that we do not perceive external objects directly
• Direct realism claims we perceive objects directly without any intermediary representations
• Indirect realism posits that we perceive the world indirectly through mental representations
• George Berkeley ultimately rejected indirect realism in favor of immaterialism.


  True
• Indirect realism suggests our knowledge of the external world is gained through representations of real objects.


  True
• George Berkeley initially supported indirect realism but later transitioned to immaterialism.


  True
• According to indirect realism, our perception of the external world is mediated by sensory impressions
• What does indirect realism claim about perception?

  Perception is indirect
• How does indirect realism explain our knowledge of the external world?

  Through representations
• How does indirect realism contrast with direct realism regarding perception?

  Mediated vs. direct
• René Descartes developed the concept of clear and distinct ideas as reliable representations
• Steps in the process of indirect realism according to sensory impressions:

  1️⃣ Immediate experience through senses

  2️⃣ Sensory impressions reflect external properties

  3️⃣ Perception of external objects
• What does the illusion argument suggest about perception in indirect realism?

  Sense data differs from reality
• Perceptual variation supports indirect realism by showing that sense data reflects subjective representations.

  True
• Indirect realism raises questions about the reliability of our perceptions and knowledge of the external world.


  True
• What does direct realism claim about perception?

  Perception is direct
• George Berkeley transitioned from indirect realism to immaterialism, emphasizing the role of perception in shaping reality.


  True
• George Berkeley, initially an indirect realist, later transitioned to immaterialism
• Match the concept with its description in indirect realism:

  Sensory Impressions ↔️ Representations of external objects

  Role of Impressions ↔️ Starting point for knowledge

  Relationship to External World ↔️ Caused by real properties

  Importance of Impressions ↔️ Reliability of knowledge
• What does the time-lag argument suggest about our perception of events in the external world?

  We perceive representations
• The infinite regress problem in indirect realism arises because verifying one representation requires relying on further representations
• Indirect realism suggests that perception is mediated by representations or sense data.


  True
• Indirect realism argues that perception is mediated by mental representations.


  True
• What concept did René Descartes develop that is relevant to indirect realism?

  Clear and distinct ideas
• Indirect realism proposes that perception is mediated by representations or sense data
• What contribution did John Locke make to indirect realism?

  Primary and secondary qualities
• John Locke introduced the distinction between primary and secondary qualities
• Match the philosopher with their contribution to indirect realism:

  René Descartes ↔️ Clear and distinct ideas

  John Locke ↔️ Primary and secondary qualities

  George Berkeley ↔️ Immaterialism
• In direct realism, sensory impressions are not necessary for perceiving external objects.


  True
• How does direct realism explain our knowledge of the external world?

  Direct perception of objects
• The key difference between indirect realism and direct realism lies in the role of mental representations
• John Locke argued that primary qualities exist in the objects themselves, while secondary qualities are subjective
• What concept did René Descartes develop that is central to indirect realism?

  Clear and distinct ideas
• Sensory impressions are the starting point for our knowledge of reality according to indirect realism.

  True
• Hallucinations arise independently of external stimuli, supporting the direct realist view.

  False
• Arrange the arguments for indirect realism in order of their appearance:

  1️⃣ Illusion Argument

  2️⃣ Hallucination Argument

  3️⃣ Time-Lag Argument

  4️⃣ Perceptual Variation
• Skepticism about the reliability of representations is a key criticism of indirect realism.


  True
• The time-lag argument for indirect realism highlights the delay between an event and its perception
• Indirect realism proposes that we perceive the external world through representations or sense data
• Indirect realism posits that we perceive the world indirectly through mental representations.


  True