3.3.11.1 Preparation of Amines

• Nitro compounds can be reduced to amines using tin (Sn) and concentrated hydrochloric acid (HCl) followed by neutralization with sodium hydroxide
• Nitrobenzene can be reduced to aniline using tin, hydrochloric acid, and sodium hydroxide.


  True
• The phthalimide intermediate in the Gabriel synthesis is stable and isolable.


  True
• Match the step in Gabriel synthesis with its conditions:

  N-Substitution ↔️ Heat, polar solvent

  Hydrolysis ↔️ Reflux with hydrazine
• The Gabriel synthesis avoids the use of harsh reducing agents like tin and hydrochloric acid.
• The Gabriel Synthesis uses a stable phthalimide intermediate.

  True
• Steps in the Gabriel Synthesis

  1️⃣ React potassium phthalimide with organic halide or alcohol

  2️⃣ Hydrolyze the N-substituted phthalimide using hydrazine
• The alkylation of ammonia proceeds through a nucleophilic substitution mechanism
• Match the reactants with the products in the alkylation of ammonia:

  Ammonia ↔️ Primary amine

  Alkyl halide ↔️ Halide ion
• Steps in the Hofmann Degradation

  1️⃣ Methylation of the amide

  2️⃣ Quaternization of the N-methyl amide

  3️⃣ Hydrolysis of the quaternary ammonium iodide
• Nitrobenzene is reduced to aniline using tin and hydrochloric acid.
• The Gabriel synthesis avoids the use of harsh reducing agents like tin and hydrochloric acid
• What product is formed when nitrobenzene is reduced using tin and hydrochloric acid?

  Aniline
• The hydrolysis step in Gabriel synthesis requires hydrazine (N₂H₄).


  True
• The Gabriel Synthesis avoids harsh reducing agents
• The Gabriel Synthesis prepares primary amines from organic halides or alcohols
• Which primary amine is produced when chlorobenzene is used in the Gabriel Synthesis?

  Aniline
• The alkylation of ammonia requires heat as a condition.

  True
• The Hofmann Degradation converts amides into primary amines with one less carbon
• The reduction of a nitro group (NO₂) to an amino group (NH₂) requires 6 moles of hydrogen.


  True
• Steps in the Gabriel synthesis for preparing primary amines:

  1️⃣ React organic compound with potassium phthalimide

  2️⃣ Hydrolyze N-substituted phthalimide using hydrazine
• Nitro compounds can be reduced to amines using tin (Sn) and concentrated hydrochloric acid
• Steps in the Gabriel synthesis for preparing primary amines:

  1️⃣ React organic compound with potassium phthalimide

  2️⃣ Hydrolyze N-substituted phthalimide using hydrazine
• What reagent is used in the Gabriel Synthesis to release the primary amine?

  Hydrazine
• What is a key advantage of the Gabriel Synthesis in terms of product separation?

  Easy separation of amine
• The Gabriel Synthesis requires harsh reducing agents to complete.

  False
• What acts as a nucleophile in the alkylation of ammonia?

  Ammonia
• What two products are formed when ammonia reacts with ethyl bromide in the alkylation of ammonia?

  Ethylamine and ammonium bromide
• What primary amine is formed when ethanamide undergoes the Hofmann Degradation?

  Methylamine