5.3 Agricultural Origins and Diffusions

• What marked the transition from hunter-gatherer to agricultural societies?

  First Agricultural Revolution
• Match the hearth area with its key crops/animals domesticated:

  Fertile Crescent ↔️ Wheat, barley, sheep, goats

  Mesoamerica ↔️ Maize, beans, squash, turkeys

  Andes Mountains ↔️ Potatoes, quinoa, llamas, alpacas

  China ↔️ Millet, rice, pigs, chickens
• The domestication of crops and animals in key hearth areas supported population growth and the rise of early civilizations.


  True
• The Fertile Crescent is known for domesticating wheat, barley, sheep, and goats
• Expansion diffusion occurs through communication and imitation
• What is relocation diffusion?

  Spread through physical movement
• Relocation diffusion often leads to the establishment of an innovation in new areas.


  True
• Agricultural innovation includes advances such as irrigation systems, fertilizers, and genetically modified crops.
• Match the examples with their corresponding concept:

  Irrigation systems ↔️ Agricultural innovation

  Transition from hunter-gatherer societies ↔️ Agricultural change over time
• Match the characteristics with the correct type of society:

  Nomadic lifestyle ↔️ Hunter-gatherer society

  Settled, larger populations ↔️ Agricultural society
• The Fertile Crescent is known for the domestication of wheat, barley, sheep, and goats.
• Which crops and animals were domesticated in the Fertile Crescent?

  Wheat, barley, sheep, goats
• The Andes Mountains were a key agricultural hearth for potatoes and llamas.


  True
• What is the primary characteristic of relocation diffusion?

  Physical movement of people
• How does expansion diffusion differ from relocation diffusion?

  Spread through communication
• How did genetically modified crops spread in modern agriculture?

  Marketing and farmer communication
• Agricultural change over time describes the broader transformation of agricultural systems and practices
• What are some examples of agricultural innovations that improve productivity?

  Irrigation, fertilizers, mechanization, GMOs
• Agricultural societies supported larger, more settled populations
• What crops and animals were domesticated in the Fertile Crescent?

  Wheat, barley, sheep, goats
• Order the key hearth areas of agriculture based on their crops/animals domesticated:

  1️⃣ Fertile Crescent: Wheat, barley, sheep, goats

  2️⃣ Mesoamerica: Maize, beans, squash, turkeys

  3️⃣ Andes Mountains: Potatoes, quinoa, llamas, alpacas

  4️⃣ China: Millet, rice, pigs, chickens
• The Andes Mountains are associated with the domestication of llamas and alpacas.


  True
• Relocation diffusion often leads to the establishment of innovations in new areas.


  True
• The spread of wheat and barley cultivation from the Fertile Crescent is an example of relocation diffusion.
• Arrange the following events in the correct order to illustrate the spread of agriculture through relocation diffusion.

  1️⃣ People migrate from the Fertile Crescent

  2️⃣ Wheat and barley cultivation spreads

  3️⃣ New regions adopt the crops
• What does agricultural change over time describe?

  Transformation of agricultural systems
• What marked the First Agricultural Revolution?

  Transition to agricultural societies
• Agricultural societies had higher population density and faster growth compared to hunter-gatherer societies.


  True
• Which crops and animals were domesticated in Mesoamerica?

  Maize, beans, squash, turkeys
• The Mesoamerican agricultural hearth saw the domestication of crops such as maize, beans, and squash
• Which animals were domesticated in China as part of the First Agricultural Revolution?

  Pigs and chickens
• The spread of agriculture through migration is an example of relocation diffusion.

  True
• The spread of cultural practices through social media is an example of expansion diffusion.


  True
• What are the two main processes by which agricultural diffusion occurs?

  Relocation and expansion
• Match the factor affecting diffusion with its impact:

  Cultural Barriers ↔️ Limit spread if customs conflict

  Environmental Conditions ↔️ Determine adaptability of farming practices

  Economic Incentives ↔️ Speed up adoption when profitable

  Political Factors ↔️ Trade agreements encourage spread
• The transition from hunter-gatherer to settled agriculture is an example of agricultural change over time.

  True
• The First Agricultural Revolution led to the development of permanent settlements and population growth.


  True
• The Andes Mountains were a key hearth area for potatoes, quinoa, llamas, and alpacas
• Which crops and animals were domesticated in China during the First Agricultural Revolution?

  Millet, rice, pigs, chickens
• What is relocation diffusion in the context of agriculture?

  Spread through physical movement