9.3 Cosmology

• What is the process by which large-scale structures like galaxies and clusters formed in the universe?

  Structure formation
• Structure formation is the process by which the universe's large-scale structures emerged from small density fluctuations
• Order the stages of structure formation by time after the Big Bang.

  1️⃣ Initial Density Fluctuations | ~380,000 years

  2️⃣ Formation of Galaxy Clusters | ~1-2 billion years

  3️⃣ Emergence of Cosmic Web | Present day
• Match the era of cosmological theories with their key ideas.

  Ancient Cosmologies ↔️ Geocentric models

  Copernican Revolution ↔️ Heliocentric model

  Modern Cosmology ↔️ Big Bang theory
• The Big Bang theory states that the universe began from an extremely hot and dense state
• The redshift of galaxies supports the Big Bang theory by indicating that the universe is expanding.


  True
• Cosmology studies the Big Bang theory, the expansion of the universe, cosmic microwave background radiation, dark matter, and dark energy
• Hubble's law describes the relationship between the distance of galaxies and their recession
• The cosmic microwave background radiation was discovered in 1964 by Penzias and Wilson.
• What does the Big Bang theory propose about the initial state of the universe?

  Hot and dense state
• What is the cosmic microwave background (CMB) and why is it evidence for the Big Bang theory?

  Faint electromagnetic radiation from the early universe
• The redshift of galaxies indicates they are moving towards us.

  False
• What is the characteristic of the Inflation stage in the early universe?

  Rapid expansion
• The Recombination stage occurred approximately 380,000 years after the Big Bang.
• The CMB was first detected in 1964 by Penzias and Wilson.
• Which method uses CMB radiation to determine the age of the universe?

  CMB analysis
• What does the Big Bang theory describe in the context of cosmology?

  Universe's origin
• Arrange the stages of the Big Bang theory in chronological order.

  1️⃣ Inflation

  2️⃣ Nucleosynthesis

  3️⃣ Recombination

  4️⃣ Galaxy Formation
• What is the first stage of the Big Bang theory, characterized by the rapid expansion of the universe?

  Inflation
• Arrange the stages of the Big Bang theory in chronological order:

  1️⃣ Inflation

  2️⃣ Nucleosynthesis

  3️⃣ Recombination

  4️⃣ Galaxy Formation
• The age of the universe is estimated to be approximately 13.8 billion years.
• The Big Bang theory is the only explanation for the universe's origin.

  False
• Match the cosmological model with its key feature:

  Ptolemaic model ↔️ Earth-centered universe

  Copernican model ↔️ Sun-centered universe

  Big Bang theory ↔️ Expansion from a hot, dense state
• Order the historical development of cosmological theories:

  1️⃣ Ancient Cosmologies (Geocentric models)

  2️⃣ Copernican Revolution (Heliocentric model)

  3️⃣ Modern Cosmology (Big Bang theory)

  4️⃣ Discovery of cosmic microwave background
• The Big Bang theory suggests the universe began as a singularity with nearly infinite density and temperature
• During nucleosynthesis, light elements such as hydrogen and helium were formed.
• Match the evidence for the Big Bang theory with its description:

  Cosmic Microwave Background ↔️ Residual radiation from the early universe

  Redshift of Galaxies ↔️ Galaxies moving away from each other
• During which stage of the Big Bang theory did stars and galaxies begin to form?

  Galaxy Formation
• What phenomenon did Edwin Hubble observe in the 1920s that supports the Big Bang theory?

  Redshift of galaxies
• The age of the universe is estimated to be approximately 13.8 billion years old.
• The heliocentric model was proposed by Copernicus and challenged the geocentric view.
• What is the primary focus of cosmology as a field of study?

  Origin, evolution, structure of the universe
• What is the estimated age of the universe according to modern cosmology?

  13.8 billion years
• Who discovered the redshift of light from distant galaxies, providing evidence for the expansion of the universe?

  Hubble
• Cosmology excludes the study of dark matter and dark energy.

  False
• The expansion of the universe is slowing down due to gravity.

  False
• Order the stages of the universe's evolution according to the Big Bang theory:

  1️⃣ Inflation

  2️⃣ Nucleosynthesis

  3️⃣ Recombination

  4️⃣ Galaxy Formation
• Arrange the stages of the early universe according to the Big Bang theory in chronological order.

  1️⃣ Inflation

  2️⃣ Nucleosynthesis

  3️⃣ Recombination

  4️⃣ Galaxy Formation
• The Nucleosynthesis stage in the Big Bang theory resulted in the formation of hydrogen and helium.

  True
• The Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) is believed to be the leftover radiation from the early stages of the Big Bang.


  True