1.5.3 Results and Conclusions

• Heaven's (1996) study suggested that individual differences in personality can influence criminal behavior.


  True
• Heaven's (1996) study used the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire.
• Heaven's (1996) study found that criminals scored higher on psychoticism, which is associated with impulsivity and aggression.
• Criminals scored higher on extraversion and psychoticism but lower on neuroticism
• What type of research design did Heaven (1996) use?

  Comparative
• Which personality trait did criminals score lower on compared to non-criminals?

  Neuroticism
• What is a Type I error in statistical analysis?

  False positive
• Rehabilitation programs can be tailored to address specific personality factors contributing to criminal tendencies.


  True
• Heaven's study highlights how individual differences in personality shape criminal behavior
• What did Heaven's (1996) study aim to investigate?

  Personality traits and criminal behavior
• The independent variable in Heaven's (1996) study was group membership (prisoners vs. non-criminals).


  True
• What conclusion did Heaven's (1996) study draw about the relationship between personality traits and criminal behavior?

  Certain traits may predispose individuals
• The study included 100 male prisoners and 100 non-criminals as participants
• A p-value of 0.05 or less is typically considered statistically significant
• Individuals with higher extraversion and psychoticism are more likely to engage in criminal activities
• What are two personality traits associated with a greater predisposition towards criminal behavior according to Heaven's study?

  High extraversion and high psychoticism
• Heaven's (1996) study found that criminals scored higher on extraversion
• What type of research design did Heaven (1996) use?

  Comparative
• On which personality trait did criminals score lower compared to non-criminals in Heaven's (1996) study?

  Neuroticism
• What was the aim of Heaven's (1996) study?

  Relationship between personality traits and criminal behavior
• Heaven's study suggests that personality traits can influence the likelihood of engaging in criminal activities.


  True
• Group membership was the independent variable in Heaven's study.


  True
• A larger sample size can increase the likelihood of finding a significant result.


  True
• Which personality trait, when lower, increases the likelihood of criminal behavior?

  Neuroticism
• Match the personality trait with its effect on criminal behavior:

  Extraversion ↔️ Higher extraversion increases likelihood

  Neuroticism ↔️ Lower neuroticism increases likelihood

  Psychoticism ↔️ Higher psychoticism increases likelihood