1.5.1 Background of the Study

• Moral values serve as a deterrent to delinquency.

  True
• Greater exposure to criminal values increases the likelihood of delinquency, according to differential association theory.

  True
• The inherent difficulty of the learning material itself is referred to as intrinsic load.intrinsic
• The mental effort devoted to constructing cognitive schemas is called germane load.germane
• Understanding cognitive dissonance helps reduce extraneous cognitive load in learning materials.extraneous
• Moral values serve as a deterrent to delinquency.

  True
• Reducing extraneous load allows more working memory resources for germane load.


  True
• Understanding cognitive dissonance helps educators reduce extraneous cognitive load.


  True
• What characterizes rational decision-making?

  Logic and analysis
• Match the experimental component with its description:

  Independent Variable ↔️ Manipulated by the researcher

  Dependent Variable ↔️ Measured to determine the outcome

  Control Group ↔️ No experimental treatment received
• The variable manipulated by the researcher is called the independent
• Procedural justice ensures that procedures are impartial, consistent, and respectful
• What role do moral values play in Heaven's (1996) study?

  Deterrence to delinquency
• What is the goal of effective instruction according to cognitive load theory?

  Manage cognitive load
• What is an example of reducing cognitive dissonance by adding new cognitions?

  Claiming smoking reduces stress
• What is one strategy to reduce cognitive dissonance?

  Changing attitudes
• Match the strategy to its description:

  Changing Attitudes ↔️ Adjusting beliefs to align with behavior

  Adding New Cognitions ↔️ Incorporating beliefs to justify inconsistencies

  Reducing Importance ↔️ Minimizing the significance of the conflict
• Match the decision-making approach with its description:

  Rational Decision-making ↔️ Systematic and based on logic

  Intuitive Decision-making ↔️ Based on instinct and gut feelings
• In an experimental paradigm, the control group does not receive the experimental treatment.
• Procedural justice influences people's perceptions of the legitimacy of authorities.
• Match the concept with its relevance to Heaven's study:

  Social Control Theory ↔️ Strong social bonds can be undermined by unfair procedures

  Procedural Justice ↔️ Focuses on the fairness of decision-making processes
• Social control theory suggests that strong social bonds prevent delinquency.
• Match the key concept with its description:

  Moral Values ↔️ Guiding beliefs that influence behavior

  Social Control Theory ↔️ Strong social bonds prevent delinquency

  Differential Association Theory ↔️ Delinquent behavior is learned through interactions
• Strategies to reduce cognitive dissonance:

  1️⃣ Changing Attitudes

  2️⃣ Changing Behaviors

  3️⃣ Adding New Cognitions

  4️⃣ Reducing Importance
• Criminal activities reported by individuals are called self-reported delinquency.self-reported
• What is the core idea of differential association theory?

  Delinquent behavior is learned
• Cognitive dissonance arises when our attitudes and behaviors are inconsistent
• Strategies to reduce cognitive dissonance in order of effectiveness:

  1️⃣ Changing Behaviors

  2️⃣ Changing Attitudes

  3️⃣ Adding New Cognitions

  4️⃣ Reducing Importance
• Effective decision-makers often combine rational and intuitive approaches.

  True
• Replicability in the experimental paradigm allows other researchers to validate findings
• Replicability is a key advantage of the experimental paradigm.


  True
• Heaven's (1996) study investigates the relationship between moral values and self-reported delinquency.

  True
• Differential association theory suggests that delinquent behavior is learned through interactions
• Cognitive dissonance arises when attitudes and behaviors are inconsistent.


  True
• Match the cognitive dissonance reduction strategy with its description:

  Changing Attitudes ↔️ Believing smoking is less harmful

  Changing Behaviors ↔️ Quitting smoking

  Adding New Cognitions ↔️ Claiming smoking manages stress
• Cognitive dissonance occurs when attitudes and behaviors are inconsistent.

  True
• What are the two main approaches to decision-making?

  Rational and intuitive
• What is the purpose of the experimental paradigm?

  Establish cause-and-effect relationships
• What is procedural justice focused on?

  Fairness and transparency of processes
• Why is procedural justice relevant to Heaven's (1996) study?

  It examines the legitimacy of authorities