1.2.6 Cardiac output, stroke volume, and heart rate

• Match the measure with its description and unit:

  Heart Rate (HR) ↔️ Number of times the heart beats per minute (bpm)

  Stroke Volume (SV) ↔️ Amount of blood pumped with each heartbeat (ml)

  Cardiac Output (CO) ↔️ Total blood pumped by the heart in one minute (l/min)
• What is the unit for heart rate?

  Beats per minute (bpm)
• What is the unit for stroke volume?

  Milliliters (ml)
• Cardiac output is determined by both heart rate and stroke volume.


  True
• Match the term with its description:

  Heart Rate (HR) ↔️ Number of times the heart beats per minute

  Stroke Volume (SV) ↔️ Amount of blood pumped with each heartbeat
• Cardiac output is measured in liters per minute.


  True
• If a person has a heart rate of 75 bpm and a stroke volume of 70 ml, their cardiac output is 5.25 liters per minute
• Arrange the factors affecting stroke volume in order of their physiological effect:

  1️⃣ Preload (increases SV)

  2️⃣ Afterload (decreases SV)

  3️⃣ Contractility (increases SV)

  4️⃣ Heart Rate (decreases SV)
• Preload, contractility, and afterload are the primary physiological determinants of stroke volume.

  True
• Match the measure with its unit:

  Heart Rate (HR) ↔️ beats per minute (bpm)

  Stroke Volume (SV) ↔️ milliliters (ml)

  Cardiac Output (CO) ↔️ liters per minute (l/min)
• Cardiac output is measured in liters per minute.


  True
• Arrange the factors affecting cardiac output from most to least impact:

  1️⃣ Physical Activity

  2️⃣ Heart Rate

  3️⃣ Stroke Volume

  4️⃣ Emotional Stress

  5️⃣ Age
• Cardiac output is the total amount of blood the heart pumps out in one minute
• Stroke volume is the amount of blood pumped out of the heart with each heartbeat
• Stroke volume is a critical factor in calculating cardiac output.


  True
• Order the factors involved in calculating cardiac output:

  1️⃣ Heart Rate (HR)

  2️⃣ Stroke Volume (SV)

  3️⃣ Cardiac Output (CO)
• The heart rate is measured in beats per minute
• The formula to calculate heart rate is HR = CO / SV
• During exercise, both heart rate and stroke volume increase
• Increased preload leads to increased stroke volume.
• Heart rate naturally decreases with age due to changes in cardiac function.
• Stroke volume is the amount of blood pumped by the heart with each heartbeat.
• Heart rate is the number of times the heart beats per minute.
• What is the unit for heart rate?

  beats per minute (bpm)
• Match the measure with its formula:

  Heart Rate ↔️ CO / SV

  Stroke Volume ↔️ CO / HR
• Physical activity increases cardiac output by raising both heart rate and stroke volume
• Higher preload leads to stronger heart muscle contraction
• A person running on a treadmill has a higher heart rate because exercise increases their body's demand for oxygen
• Abnormal cardiac output values can signal underlying heart problems.


  True
• Match the application with its relevance to cardiac output, stroke volume, and heart rate:

  Exercise Performance ↔️ Indicates improved cardiovascular fitness

  Cardiovascular Health ↔️ Signals potential heart problems

  Altitude Adaptations ↔️ Compensates for lower oxygen
• What physiological change occurs at higher altitudes that affects cardiac output?

  Lower oxygen levels
• What is stroke volume defined as?

  Blood pumped per heartbeat
• What is one factor that decreases heart rate?

  Age
• How is cardiac output used in athletic training?

  Optimizing training programs
• What happens to cardiac output at higher altitudes?

  Increases
• In exercise, increased cardiac output indicates improved cardiovascular fitness
• The formula to calculate cardiac output is CO = HR × SV.


  True
• The relationship between cardiac output, stroke volume, and heart rate is expressed as CO = HR × SV.

  True
• Heart rate is the number of times the heart beats per minute
• What is the formula to calculate cardiac output?

  CO = HR × SV