1.5 Enzymes

• Enzymes speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy
• Steps in the mechanism by which enzymes lower activation energy

  1️⃣ Enzyme binds to substrate

  2️⃣ Alternative reaction pathway is provided

  3️⃣ Activation energy is lowered
• Steps in the Induced Fit model of enzyme action

  1️⃣ Enzyme binds to substrate

  2️⃣ Active site changes shape

  3️⃣ Substrate is accommodated
• The Induced Fit model is considered more accurate because it highlights the dynamic interaction between enzyme and substrate.


  True
• The Induced Fit model allows enzymes to bind to a variety of substrates.


  True
• High temperatures can cause enzyme denaturation.


  True
• Enzymes are only produced by living organisms.

  True
• The region on the enzyme where the substrate binds is called the active site
• What is the role of inhibitors in enzyme activity?

  Reduce enzyme activity
• What is the key difference between the Lock and Key and Induced Fit models?

  Rigid vs. flexible active site
• Which model of enzyme action is considered more accurate?

  Induced Fit
• What two factors primarily influence enzyme activity?

  Temperature and pH
• Match the temperature condition with its effect on enzyme activity:

  Low temperatures ↔️ Reduced kinetic energy slows reactions

  High temperatures ↔️ Denaturation disrupts enzyme structure
• Enzymes are always produced by living organisms.

  True
• The Lock and Key model assumes enzymes have a rigid active site
• Temperature and pH are key factors that affect enzyme activity
• What happens to enzymes when exposed to deviations from their optimal pH?

  Ionization of amino acids
• What is the significance of understanding enzyme inhibition in drug design?

  Blocking specific enzyme activities
• Which type of enzyme is commonly added to detergents to remove stains?

  Lipase
• Why are enzymes considered environmentally friendly in biotechnology?

  Biodegradability
• Match the property of enzymes with its description:

  Specificity ↔️ Highly selective to substrates

  Regulation ↔️ Activity affected by pH
• The active site and protein components of an enzyme work together to catalyze reactions.


  True
• The active site of an enzyme has a unique shape and chemical properties that allow it to bind to the substrate
• The Induced Fit model explains how enzymes can bind to a variety of substrates
• In the Lock and Key model, the active site of the enzyme has a fixed shape
• At low temperatures, reduced kinetic energy slows reaction rates
• At what pH does enzyme activity maximize?

  Optimal pH
• Match the property with its description for enzymes and catalysts:

  Specificity ↔️ Highly specific to particular substrates

  Regulation ↔️ Activity regulated by pH, temperature, etc.
• Order the steps describing how temperature and pH affect enzyme activity:

  1️⃣ Temperature or pH deviates from optimal conditions

  2️⃣ Enzyme's 3D structure is altered

  3️⃣ Active site's ability to bind substrates is hindered

  4️⃣ Enzyme activity decreases
• Low temperatures reduce enzyme activity by decreasing kinetic energy.


  True
• Competitive inhibitors reduce enzyme activity by blocking substrate binding
• Enzymes like cellulases are used in biofuel production to break down plant biomass
• Enzymes in biotechnology are preferred for their high specificity.


  True
• Immobilized enzymes can be reused, improving cost-effectiveness.


  True
• Enzymes speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy
• What is the specific region on an enzyme where the substrate binds?

  Active site
• Deviations from optimal temperature and pH can significantly reduce enzyme activity.


  True
• The optimal temperature for human enzymes is around 37°C.
• Non-competitive inhibitors always bind reversibly to enzymes.

  False
• Match the enzyme with its application in food and beverage processing:

  Lactase ↔️ Lactose-free milk

  Proteases ↔️ Meat tenderization