functions

• cell-surface membrane - regulates the movement of substances into and out of the cell. it also has receptor molecules on it when allow it to respond to chemicals like hormones
• nucleus - controls the cell's activities by controlling the transcription of DNA. DNA contains instructions to make proteins. the pores allow substances e.g. RNA to move between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. the nucleolus makes ribosomes
• mitochondria - the site of aerobic respiration, where ATP is produced. they're found in large numbers in cells that are very active and require a lot energy
• chloroplast - the site where photosynthesis takes place. some parts of photosynthesis happen in the grana and other parts happen in the stroma (a thick fluid found in the chloroplasts)
• golgi apparatus - processes and packages new lipids and proteins. it also makes lysosomes
• golgi vesicles - stores lipids and proteins made by the golgi apparatus and transports them out of the cell (via the cell-surface membrane)
• lysosome - contains lysozymes, digestive enzymes be used to digest invading cells or to break down worn out components of the cell
• ribosome - the site where proteins are made
• rough endoplasmic reticulum - folds and processes proteins that have been made at the ribosomes
• smooth endoplasmic reticulum - synthesises and processes lipids
• cell wall - supports cells and prevents them from changing shape
• cell vacuole - helps to maintain pressure inside the cell and keep the cell rigid. this stops plants from wilting. also involved in the isolation of unwanted chemicals inside the cell