PWLIT

• Literature refers to a body of written works
• Traditionally applied to imaginative works of poetry and prose distinguished by the intentions of their authors and the perceived aesthetic excellence of their execution
• Literature may be determined according to a variety of systems, including language, national origin, historical period, genre, and subject matter
• From the Latin "litera" meaning an individual character (letter)
• Literature is a Latin word 'litera' which means Writing
• Imaginative Writing is fictional as opposed to factual writing
• Literature uses language in peculiar ways, not necessarily to communicate ideas or emotions but to focus attention on language itself
• Literature is a construct that is what a particular group of people at a particular point in time says it is
• When can we consider texts as literary according to Culler?

  • Language is foregrounded
  • Literature integrates language to form sound as an echo to the sense
• Best Practices in Reading Literature:

  • Suspension of the demand for immediate intelligibility
  • Reflection on the implications of means of expression
  • Attention to how meaning is made and pleasure is produced
• Major Genres of Literature:

  • Prose
  • Poetry
  • Drama
  • Tragedy
  • Comedy
• Various Dimensions of Philippine Literary History
• Periods in Philippine Literature:

  A. Pre-colonial Period

  • Covers the years before the coming of the first colonizer, the Spaniards
  • Factors such as religion, political, economic, and social influenced produced a literature that is generally ORAL
  • Indigenous literature was born in ethnic communities growing from the people's needs and customs
  • Forms of literature: Poetry, Tale, Drama
• Forms of Literature:

  • Poetry mainly sprang from sources close to personal relationships, social institutions, religious, and political organizations of ancient Filipinos
  • Inspiration of their Poetries: feasts, burials, labor, fishing
  • Forms of Poetry: Riddle (Bugtong), Maxims (Salawikain), Whispers (Bulong), Songs (Awiting Bayan), Tanaga, Epic
  • Tales were narrated to explain beliefs on supernatural forces to direct the lives of the native
  • Forms of Tale: Myth, Legend, Fable, Fantastic Story
• Drama:

  • Play forms of the natives were simple and crude in nature
  • Forms of Drama: Dance, Ritual
• Examples of Oral Literature:

  1. Epic - Bihag ni Lam-ang, Darangan, Tuwaang
  2. Myth - stories of creation
  3. Riddle - witty puzzles
  4. Legend - origin of things, places, etc.
  5. Tanaga - poetry among the Tagalog
  6. Ambahan - Mangyan poetic form
  7. Songs - songs of harvest, fishing song
  8. Duplo - verbal jousts played during funeral wakes
• National Artist is a Filipino citizen recognized for significant contributions to Philippine arts and letters
• Rank and title of National Artist is conferred by means of a Presidential Proclamation
• Indarapatra and Sulayman:

  • Author: Bartolome del Valle
  • Region: Zamboanga Peninsula
  • Character showing compassion: Sulayman
  • Antagonists: Kurita, Pah
  • Geographical settings: Mt. Bita, Mt. Matutum
• Literature of the 21st Century:

  • Innovative literary works produced in the last decade
  • Reflect technological cultural values and current themes
  • Break traditional writing rules
• 21st Century Skills (4Cs):

  • Critical Thinking
  • Collaboration
  • Communication
  • Creativity
• Characteristics of 21st Century Readers:

  • Grew up using technology as a primary learning tool
  • Capable of navigating and interpreting digital formats and media messages
  • Possess literacy skills including technological abilities
• Major Literary Genres:

  • Illustrated Novel
  • IGI-Fiction
  • Graphic Novel
  • Manga
  • Doodle Fiction
  • Text-Talk Novels
  • Flash Fiction
  • Chick Lit or Chick Literature
  • Six-Word Flash Fiction
  • Blog
  • Science Fiction
  • Hyper Poetry
  • Creative Non-Fiction
• Five Types of Context for Literary Works:

  • Authorial/Biographical Context
  • Socio-Historical Context
  • Philosophical Context
  • Literary Context
  • Critical Context
• Figures of Speech:

  • Metaphor
  • Simile
  • Personification
  • Apostrophe
  • Hyperbole
  • Oxymoron
  • Synecdoche
  • Irony
  • Paradox