Chapter 10

• Macromolecules are large molecules made up of smaller linked molecules.
• Carbohydrates provide materials to build cell membranes and provide quick energy for use by cells.
• Glucose, fructose, lactose, maltose, starch, glycogen, cellulose are types of carbohydrates.
• Lipids store energy reserves for later use by cells, cushion and insulate internal organs, and provide materials to build cell membranes.
• Fats, oils, waxes are types of lipids.
• Proteins provide structure and support for blood cells, body tissues, and muscles, aid in muscle movements, such as contraction, act as catalysts to speed up chemical reactions in the cells, provide immunity against infection and disease, and transport ions in cell membranes.
• Insulin, hemoglobin, collagen, antibodies, enzymes are types of proteins.
• Nucleic Acids contain organisms' genetic information and direct the organism's growth.
• Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ribonucleic acid (RNA) are types of nucleic acids.
• Carbohydrase is an enzyme that breaks down simple sugars, such as glucose and fructose.
• Amylase, produced in the salivary glands and functions in the mouth, is a type of carbohydrase.
• Lipase is an enzyme that breaks down lipids, such as fats and oils.
• Pancreatic lipase, produced in the pancreas and small intestine, is a type of lipid-digesting enzyme.
• Protease is an enzyme that breaks down proteins, such as peptides and proteins.
• Pepsin, produced by the stomach glands and functions in the stomach, is a type of protease.
• Carbohydrases, such as pancreatic, amylase, sucrase, maltase, lactase, are enzymes that break down carbohydrates.
• Monosaccharides are smaller peptides.
• Proteases, such as trypsin and chymotrpsin, are enzymes that break down proteins into smaller peptides.
• Peptidases are enzymes that break down peptides into smaller amino acids.
• Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins.
• Fat droplets contain DNA and RNA.
• Bile is a substance that aids in the digestion of fats and oils.
• Fat droplets (emulsified) are fats and oils mixed with bile.
• Lipases are enzymes that break down lipids into glycerol and fatty acids.
• Nucleic Acids contain nitrogen containing bases, sugars, and phosphates.
• Chemical digestion is the process where enzymes secreted by the saliva digest food into smaller molecules.
• Amylase, an enzyme secreted by the saliva, digests starch, breaking it down into smaller molecules.
• Ingestion is the process where food enters the body through the mouth.
• Mechanical digestion, or mastication, is the process where teeth break up food into a bolus of food.
• The bolus of food forms a semi-solid during chemical digestion.
• Saliva, a secretion of enzymes, aids in chemical digestion by digesting starch into smaller molecules.
• Smooth muscle is pushing the bolus down the digestive tract.
• HCl is involved in the physical breakdown of fibrous tissues.
• HCl destroys foreign organisms such as bacteria.
• HCl promotes chemical digestion as stomach enzymes only work in an acidic environment.
• HCl converts pro-pepsin into pepsin.
• The mucous layer protects stomach acid from HCl and keeps the stomach from being digested.
• Pepsin is an enzyme that breaks down large protein molecules into polypeptides, which are long chain amino acids.
• Gastrin is a hormone secreted by cells near the cardiac sphincter that stimulates stomach cells to produce secretions for digestion.
• Chyme is found in the lower region of the stomach, known as the pylorus.